论霸权与霸权结构的内化:以美国贫富差距问题为例

Hegemony and Its Internalization:A Case Study on the Wealth Gap in the United States

美国是世界上最富裕的国家之一,但也是贫富差距最大的国家之一。从纵向来看,美国当前贫富差距水平,远远高于19世纪和20世纪上半叶;从横向来看,美国的贫富差距不仅高于其多数欧洲伙伴,甚至还高于中国和印度这些发展中国家。美国的霸权地位,以及冷战后期以来劳工群体博弈能力的下降,是导致贫富差距不断扩大的主要原因。霸权地位,是当前美国与历史上的美国、美国与其他发达国家之间最大的区别,也是美国贫富差距扩大的最重要因素。霸权体系通过霸权收益和霸权成本的不均衡分配,反向塑造了美国国内政治和经济秩序,把美国国内社会从一个整体分裂为霸权获益和霸权支出两大群体。霸权收益的垄断性,使得金融-军工集团以及有能力参与国际分工和跨国资本运营的精英群体成为霸权收益的最大获益者。而霸权成本则主要由纳税人,尤其是工薪阶层承担。这种霸权成本和收益的非对称分配,是导致美国贫富差距扩大的主要原因,也使得美国霸权地位与国内的垄断阶层的利益统一起来。

While being one of the richest countries in the world,the United States also suffers a large gap between the rich and the poor at home.In vertical comparison,this gap is much lager than it used to be in the 19th century and the first half of the20th century.In horizontal comparison,it is not only more serious than that in most European countries,but also such developing countries as China and India.The hegemonic position of the United States and the decline of the game ability of the working class since the late Cold War are the main reasons for the widening gap between the rich and the poor.Hegemonic status is the biggest difference between the United States and the United States in history,the United States and other developed countries,and also is the most important factor for the expansion of the wealth gap in the U.S.Through the unbalanced distribution of hegemonic benefits and costs,the hegemonic system reversely shaped the domestic political and economic order of the United States and divided the domestic society into two groups:hegemonic benefits and hegemonic expenditures.The monopoly of hegemonic gains makes financial-military-industrial groups and elite groups capable of participating in international division of labor and transnational capital operation become the biggest beneficiaries of hegemonic gains.In contrast,the cost of hegemony is mainly borne by taxpayers,especially the working class.This asymmetric distribution of hegemonic costs and benefits is the main reason for the widening gap between the rich and the poor in the U.S,and also unifies the hegemonic position of the U.S with the interests of the domestic monopoly class.