吉昌契约文书所见清代黔中屯堡家庭与家庭经济

Tunpu Family and Family Economy in midland of Guizhou Province in Qing Dynasty Seen from Jichang Contract Documents

吉昌契约文书是了解清代黔中屯堡社会的基本历史文献,尤其是了解家庭、家庭经济生活的直接历史文献。可以看到一个屯堡家庭如何演化为一个家族乃至宗族的过程,由家庭裂变为家庭再扩大为宗族,建设、维系和发展起一个广阔的黔中屯堡社会;家庭经济的主要经营活动就是田地买卖,有致力增进田产的期望,因财力限制只能是稍事积累;一户家庭田产占有量一般18亩左右,人均田3亩以上可过上较好的生活;吉昌屯一般农户基本拥有田产量,是一个地权相对分散的社会,其社会经济条件也限制了家庭田产积累的速率与量的增长,有利于屯堡社会内地权分配的平均化;还可从中可以看到农家经济活动受到社会经济制度影响,反之也折射出黔中屯堡社会的经济制度变化。

Jichang Contract Documents are the fundamental historical documents in understanding Tunpu society in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty,especially the direct documents in understanding family and family economic life.We can see how a Tunpu family evolve into a clan or even a tribe,disintegrating from family into family and expanding into a clan,constructing,maintaining and developing a broad middle Guizhou Tunpu society.The main business activities of family economy was the transaction of farmland,the expectation of expanding farmland was curtailed by limited financial ability,only slightly accumulated.The landed property held by each family is generally 18 acres,while 3 acres per capita can ensure a well-off life.The common peasants in Jichang-tun held landed property,it’s a society where the land ownership was relatively dispersive,the social and economic conditions restricted the rate and quantity growth of the accumulation of family farmland,facilitating the equalization of the distribution of land ownership within Tunpu society.We can also see that peasant economy was influenced by social economic system,likewise it reflected the transformation of economic system in Tunpu society in midland of Guizhou.