中国性别角色观念变迁(1990—2018):年龄、时期和世代效应及性别差异模式

Changes in Chinese Men’s and Women’s Gender Role Attitude,1990-2018:A Dynamics Analysis of the Age-Period-Cohort Effect

应用“年龄—时期—世代”模型,分析一个由中国妇女社会地位调查和中国综合社会调查多期数据所组成的混合横截面数据库,考察了1990年至2018年间中国城乡居民性别角色观念的变迁趋势及其性别差异模式。研究发现:第一,近30年来中国的性别角色观念变迁存在显著的时期、年龄和世代效应。在时期效应方面,2010年左右出现了一个拐点,在此之前,性别角色观念呈现为持续地向传统“回潮”的趋势,而之后则开始掉头朝着现代化方向发展;随着年龄的增长,性别角色观念变得越传统;世代效应则呈现“倒U型”模式,“60后”和“70后”群体的性别角色观念最为传统。第二,性别角色观念的变迁存在显著的性别差异,男性的观念总体而言比女性更加传统,但是随着年龄的增大,两性的性别角色观念逐渐趋同,而较晚出生的世代存在一定程度的“撕裂”。从新中国成立至今,中国的性别角色观念经历了三次重要的转型,而当下正处于女性的社会经济地位进一步改善以及互联网和社交媒体的普及带来的第三次转型中。

We investigate whether gender role attitude in China is changing towards traditionalism or not.Using pooled data from 1990 to 2018,we examine the age effect,period effect and cohort effect by APC model.It shows that first,both men’s and women’s gender role attitude became more egalitarian after 2010(period effect).Secondly,the age effect and cohort effect are significant in the changes of gender role attitude,which shows that with the increase of age,gender role attitude becomes more traditional,while the generation effect presents an inverted U-shaped relationship,especially the 1960-1970 generation.Finally,we find the gender gap in gender role attitude has neared with aging and widened among the more recent cohorts.The above findings provide the latest evidence for understanding the changes in Chinese men’s and women’s gender role attitude,and if viewed from a longer historical period,we argue that gender role attitude in China has undergone three important transitions,and now we are in the third transition brought by the gradual improvement of women’s status and the popularization of the Internet.