“革命”是否“革官”?辛亥革命前后的县官人事变动

On the Personnel Change of County Officials Before and After the Revolution of 1911

一般认为,辛亥革命是一场平缓的“革命”,虽然国家整体上完成了从传统王朝向共和制度的转变,但地方政治结构所受冲击较小。而事实上,辛亥革命期间,州县官普遍受到冲击,很多州县官弃职逃亡,原有的州县官流动模式被打破,地方人事发生了一轮较大的重组。从革命的具体进程来看,这种冲击是多形式、多层次的,不同地区州县官的命运存在显著差别。革命后,原有的地方官制被打破,而新的官员选用制度又未建立起来,一部分地区的县官选任陷入混乱,造成新晋的地方官流品不齐。在全国政局趋于稳定后,各省开始规范县知事任用,大量有科举功名或接受过新式教育的本地精英及回籍官员被委任为县知事。在这一轮重组中,传统的地方官本籍回避制度被打破,各地普遍出现本省为官现象。

Generally speaking,the Revolution of 1911 was a “gentle” revolution.Although the country as a whole underwent the transition from a traditional dynasty to the republican system,the local political structure was less affected.But the fact is many magistrates were generally impacted during the Revolution of 1911.They deserted their posts and ran away.The original bureaucratic flow mode of county and provincial officials was broken,and there was a major reorganization of local personnel.Viewing from the process of the revolution,it can be found that the impact was multifaceted and multilayered.The fates of county and provincial officials varied remarkably from region to region.After the Revolution of 1911,the original bureaucratic system was broken,while the new official selection system had not been established.This gap led to the disorder of some counties in selecting magistrates and caused that the quality of newly elected magistrates varied greatly.After the political situation was stable,many provinces began to regulate the appointment of county governors,and nominated many local elites with scholarly honor or modern education and returning officials.Therefore,in this round of reorganization,the traditional avoidance system in magistrate appointment was broken and there emerged a widespread phenomenon of local people taking office in his home province.