环境正义视角下公园绿地空间配置公平性评价——以南京市主城区为例

Using the environmental justice approach to evaluate equitable allocation of urban parks:A case study of main urban area of Nanjing,China

公园绿地在促进城市居民公共健康、实现城市可持续发展方面具有广泛效益,其空间配置的公平性对维护环境正义具有重要意义。然而,当前公园绿地空间配置公平性的研究仍侧重其数量的地域均等,对其质量、可达性空间配置的公平性关注不足。本研究基于环境正义视角,以南京市主城区为例,从公园可达性、公园面积、公园质量3个特征(共6个参数),综合运用互联网地图服务可达性分析、主客观综合质量评价、空间自相关及非参数检验等多种分析方法,分析了公园绿地空间配置的公平性格局。结果表明:研究区公园绿地的空间分布格局呈现明显的核心-边缘特征,在可达性、面积、质量3个特征上均存在一定程度的不公平性,呈现出较为显著的环境不正义格局;3个特征6个参数空间配置的不公平性存在显著差异,可达性得分值、可达的公园面积的不公平性最突出,到达公园绿地的最小时间、到达最近公园的质量的差异次之,到达高质量公园的数量与最小时间差异较小;高收入居住社区能够访问的公园的可达性得分值、总面积、公园质量平均值分别是低收入社区的3.7、2.7和1.6倍,表明收入高的居住社区享有更好可达性、更大面积、更高质量的公园绿地。其中,中等收入社区享有绿地优势最突出,大多数低收入居住社区尚难以在步行30 min内到达高质量公园。研究结果可为城市公园绿地的优化配置与合理规划提供决策依据与规划参考。

Urban parks have broad benefits in promoting public health of urban residents and advancing urban sustainable development.The equity of urban park spatial allocation has a great significance for maintaining environmental justice.However,the current researches on the equity of urban park spatial allocation still focus on the quantity and geographical equality but pay less attention on the equity of quality and accessibility of spatial allocation.Based on the approach of environmental justice,with the main urban area of Nanjing as an example,we comprehensively analyzed the equity pattern of urban park spatial allocation from the three dimensions(six parameters),including park accessibility,area and quality.Integrated analysis methods were adopted,including internet map service for accessibility analysis,subjective and objective comprehensive quality evaluation,spatial autocorrelation and non-parametric test.The results showed that the spatial allocation pattern of urban parks in the study area had obvious core-edge characteristics.There was a certain degree of inequity in park accessibility,area and quality,with a relatively significant pattern of environmental injustice.There were significant differences in the inequity of six parameters in the three dimensions,with the accessibility score and accessible park area showing the most prominent inequity.The minimum time required to reach the park and the quality of the nearest urban park took the second place in inequity.The quantity of high-quality urban park and minimum time required to reach the high-quality urban park showed relatively small difference.The average values of accessibility score,total area and quality of urban parks accessible to high-income communities were 3.7,2.7,and 1.6 times that of low-income communities,respectively.The results indicated that high-income communities enjoyed better accessibility,larger area and higher quality in terms of urban parks.Middle-income communities enjoyed the most prominent advantage of green space,while most low-income communities were unable to reach a high-quality urban park within 30 min’s walk.Our results could provide a decision-making basis and planning reference for the optimal configuration and rational planning of urban parks in China.