中西哲学比较的前提反思

Reflections on the Premise of Comparison of Chinese-Western Philosophies

“哲学比较”之所以需要进行理论上的前提反思,是因为前提的未经审视只会为任意和武断大开方便之门,从而使通达特定民族精神的整体及其根本不再成为可能。前提反思意味着要去追问:哲学比较将从何处起步、进入怎样的理论视域以及采取何种基本的理解方式,才可能具有真实的效准?所谓“真实效准”,是指依循必要的原则和尺度,以不断增益确定性的方式,使哲学比较的各方面有效地保持在同整体及其根本的有机联系中。第一,“开端的本性”对于比较不同哲学思想之传统来说具有极端重要性。如果说特定的哲学开端意味着特定精神类型的指令和定向,那么这样的命运性肇始便引领着并且规模着特定哲学的整个历史性进程。第二,在现代世界的处境中,实际发生的哲学比较不能不一般地运行于西方哲学的坐标之中,并且不能不一般地采用现代话语的形式。因此,除非西方哲学的“自我批判”能够被明确地意识到并决定性地进入比较的视域中,否则就不可能为客观地理解古代哲学和东方哲学提供真正的基础。第三,就像哲学比较运行其上的立场要能够批判地获取一样,使比较得以开展并由以进行的“解释”也须摆脱它的天真状态。当代解释学的基本目标是要求去掌握“超越一切主观意义的现实”;必须根据这一要义来明确解释学的主旨与思想任务,来掌握它对于哲学比较来说的基础性意义。总而言之,只有在这样一些前提能够被批判的反思牢牢地把握住时,中西哲学间的比较才能摆脱它长期以来的素朴方式与天真状态,从而得到积极的展开和富有成效的推进。

This thesis aims at theoretically reflecting the premise of “philosophical comparison”,especially the comparison between Chinese and western philosophies.A premise which has not been examined would only be open to arbitrariness(i,e.,“a forced analogy”),resulting in the impossibility of the wholesomeness and its root for the given national spirit.Therefore,the reflection here means to inquire that to realize the true effect,where should be the starting point of philosophical comparison,what theoretical field will be entered,and what way of basic understanding will be adopted.The so-called “ true effect” refers to effectively keep all aspects of philosophical comparison in an organic relation with the whole and its root by according to the necessary principles and scale,as well as in the way of continuously increases its certainty.The author’s basic arguments are as follows:(1) “The nature for beginning” is extremely important to the tradition of comparing different philosophical ideas.If a given philosophical beginning means the order and direction of a given genre of mind,then such a fatal beginning would lead and scale the whole historical progress of a given philosophy.(2) In the context of modern world,the really occurred philosophical comparison could not but generally operates in the coordinates of western philosophy,and has to adopt the form of modern discourse.Therefore,unless the “self-criticism” of western philosophy can be explicitly sensed and decisively enters into the comparative field,it is impossible to provide the true foundation for objectively understanding ancient philosophy and eastern philosophy.(3) Just like the position upon which the philosophical comparison operates would be acquired critically,the “ hermeneutics” which makes comparison developing and progressing must also get rid of its naive situation.The fundamental object of the current hermeneutics is required to hold “the reality transcending all subjective meaning”;the purport and ideological task of hermeneutics must be clarified according to this keynote to define its basic meaning to philosophical comparison.In a word,only by such premises be closely held in critical reflection,can Chinese-western philosophical comparison get rid of its long-time of simple way and naivety,thus be actively developed and effectively promoted.