文武之道:从夹签制度看乾隆朝前期治国之策的转变

Combining Leniency with Rigidity:The Change of National Policies in the Early Qianlong Dynasty Reflected by the Jianqian System

夹签制度,是指在清代可矜服制命案的审理中,刑部、内阁等中央法司在题本中附以签帖,声请刑罚减等的司法审判制度。乾隆十三年(1748年)夹签制度正式取代“两请”,成为相对规范的法律制度。夹签制度的出现是乾隆朝前期国家政治格局变化,治国之策由“相对宽缓”向“整饬端肃”调整的重要表征之一。夹签制度以维护服制为初衷,具有“法外之仁”的特殊性质,其实质是确立“依法决断”的根本原则,强化司法集权,以契国家统治之需要。

The Jianqian(夹签)system refers to the judicial trial system in which the Central Judicial Department,such as the Ministry of Criminal Affairs and the Cabinet,attached note to the title book to apply for commutation of sentences in the trial of excusable Fuzhi(服制)homicide cases in the Qing Dynasty.In the thirteenth year of Qianlong(1748年),Jiaqian system officially replaced the"two requests"(两请)and became a relatively standardized legal system.The emergence of Jiaqian system is one of the important signs of the change in the political structure of the country in the early period of the Qianlong Dynasty,and the adjustment of the country's governance policy from"relative lenient"to"rectification".The initial intention of the Jiaqian system is to maintain the system of service,and has the special nature of"benevolence outside the law."Its essence is to establish the principle of"decision according to law",strengthen judicial centralization according to meet the needs of national governance.