2021年西充县某小学一起水痘疫情的流行病学调查

Epidemiological investigation of a chickenpox epidemic in a primary school in Xichong County in 2021

目的 了解某小学一起水痘聚集性疫情的流行病学特征及处置情况,为控制疫情提供基础。方法 采用流行病学调查方法对2021-05-25/2021-07-05南充市西充县某小学水痘疫情进行调查,对病例所在年级所有学生通过电子问卷进行水痘疫苗免疫效果专题调查,应用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析,率的比较采用χ2检验,检验水准α=0.05。结果 2021-05-25/07-05水痘疫情期间,该小学4 166名学生中,共计16例儿童确诊为水痘,罹患率为0.38%,男女性别比为1∶1。10~11岁为此次疫情的高发年龄组,患病儿童多以低热、出疹起病,出现水疱疹等症状为主,皮疹保持1~2 d,连续分批出现,个别病例伴有皮肤感染、血小板减少症等症状,无重症及死亡病例。5年级各班总接种率差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=12.968,P=0.113),接种疫苗学生的罹患率明显低于未接种疫苗学生,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.549,P=0.002)。结论 学校是水痘疫情发生的重点场所,应做好预防措施,出现病例应做到早隔离、早治疗,及时报告和迅速果断处置疫情以及严格落实防控措施是控制疫情的关键。加强健康教育宣传工作,对适龄儿童应接种水痘疫苗,从而保护儿童的身体健康。

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and treatment of a chickenpox aggregation epidemic in a primary school. Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted on the chickenpox epidemic in a primary school in Xichong County,Nanchong City from May 25,2021 to July 5,2021. Varicella vaccine immunization effect of all students in the grade of the case was evaluated through an electronic questionnaire, and statistical analysis of the data using SPSS17.0 software. Comparison of rates were performed by using chi-square tests, and α =0.05 was considered statistical significance. Results During the chickenpox epidemic from May 25 to July 5,2021, a total of 16 children were diagnosed with chickenpox among the 4 166 students in this elementary school. The attack rate was 0.38%,the male to female ratio was 1∶1. The group aged10-11 years had the highest incidence of the epidemic. The sick children mostly start with lowgrade fever, rash, and symptoms such as vesicles. The rashes remain for one to two days and appear in batches continuously. A few cases were accompanied by skin infections,thrombocytopenia and other symptoms. There were no severe or death cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the total vaccination rate of each class in grade 5 (χ~2=12.968,P=0.113). The attack rate of vaccinated students is significantly lower than that of unvaccinated students (χ~2=9.549,P=0.002). Conclusions Schools are the key places where the chickenpox epidemic occurs. Preventive measures should be taken. Early isolation and treatment of cases should be done. Timely reporting and rapid and decisive treatment of the epidemic, as well as strict implementation of prevention and control measures are the keys to controlling the epidemic. Strengthen health education and publicity,and vaccinate school-age children with varicella vaccine to protect their health.