细菌外膜囊泡在抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展

Research Progress of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Anti-tumor Therapy

细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)是在细菌生长过程中分泌出的一种直径为20~300 nm的膜性小泡。由磷脂、脂多糖、蛋白质、RNA或DNA等组成。OMVs包含大量细菌抗原,通过启动信号转导通路增强细胞因子和共刺激分子的表达,促进抗原呈递,有效激活免疫系统。OMVs中的毒力因子可以传递给宿主细胞,刺激细菌-宿主细胞之间的相互作用,具有内在的抗肿瘤活性。另外OMVs有利于进行工程设计,还可作为高效的药物运载体,实现免疫治疗和化疗-光疗的结合,从而提高药物的抗癌能力。OMVs在肿瘤免疫、肿瘤工程疫苗和载药等方面具有良好前景,被认为是抗肿瘤治疗的新型手段。从OMVs的结构组分、产生机制和抗肿瘤机制等方面概述了OMVs在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展,为将来OMVs的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。

Outer membrane vesicles(OMVs)are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 20-300 nm secreted during bacterial growth.They are composed of phospholipids,lipopolysaccharides,proteins,RNA or DNA and so on.OMVs contain a large number of bacterial antigens,which enhance the expression of cytokines and costimulatory molecules by initiating signal transduction pathways,promote antigen presentation and effectively activate the immune system.The virulence factors encapsulated in OMVs can be transmitted to host cells,stimulate the interaction between bacteria and host cells,and have inherent anti-tumor activity.OMVs are conducive to engineering design,and also can be used as an efficient drug delivery carrier to achieve the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy-phototherapy,so as to improve the anticancer ability of drugs.They have a good prospect in tumor immunity,tumor engineering vaccine and drug loading,and are considered to be a new means of anti-tumor therapy.This paper summarizes the research progress of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in tumor therapy from the aspects of structure and components,formation mechanism and anti-tumor mechanism,so as to provide reference for the further study and clinical application of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in the future.