从财政学到财政社会学:高等教育项目制实践效应的理论诠释及反思

From Finance to Financial Sociology:Theoretical Interpretation and Reflection on Practical Effects of System-based Higher Education Projects

20世纪80年代尤其是90年代中期以来,高等教育项目制在其历史发展与运作实践中被建构为多种存在相貌,其意义早已超越最初作为高等教育财政拨款与支出的财政学存在,而是具备了国家高等教育治理、高校组织运作、高校教师个体行动等财政社会学意涵。在财政学与财政社会学两种意义的建构下,项目制已成为一个能够将高等教育诸多主体与结构要素统合起来的制度枢纽,资源获取、利益分配、学术评价、地位区隔、符号表征等制度实践以及国家高等教育治理与高校组织内部规则的确立等均被统整在其框架下,并发挥着强大的实践能力与支配能力。通过国家与高等教育组织的上下建构,项目制成为高等教育运行的一个总体性规则而内蕴一种体制性的精神内涵。这种精神性体现在一旦高校组织、高校教师荣登“项目榜”,其在高等教育场域中的地位、身份、资格、资源、收入、福利、关系、生涯等都会随之发生结构性改变,从而成功地塑造了高校组织与高校教师的项目属性与特征。

Since the 1980 s,especially the mid-1990 s,the higher education project system has been constructed as a variety of existential features in its historical development and operation practice.Its significance has gone beyond the original existence of finance as financial appropriation and expenditure of higher education,but has the financial sociological implications of national higher education governance,university organization and operation,individual action of university teachers and so on.Under the construction of two meanings of finance and financial sociology,the project system has become an institutional hub that can integrate many subjects and structural elements of higher education.Institutional practices such as resource acquisition,benefit distribution,academic evaluation,status differentiation and symbolic representation,as well as the governance of national higher education and the establishment of internal rules of university organizations are integrated under its framework,and play a strong practical ability and dominant ability.Through the up-down construction of the state and higher education organizations,the project system has become an overall rule for the operation of higher education and contains an institutional spiritual connotation.This spirit is reflected in that once university organizations and university teachers are listed in the“project list”,their status,identity,qualification,resources,income,welfare,relationship and career in the field of higher education will change structurally,thus successfully shaping the project attributes and characteristics of university organizations and university teachers.