北京木刻本《十方圣主格斯尔可汗传》中的“鄂托克”与“兀鲁思”考

A Textual Study on Utog and Ulus in the Epic of the Hero of Gesr Khan of Beijing Woodblock Version

北京木刻本《十方圣主格斯尔可汗传》中多次出现“鄂托克”与“兀鲁思”等词汇,进行考证认为,“鄂托克”一词出现于15-17世纪的蒙古文献中,代替了蒙古汗国时代的“千户”。“兀鲁思”一词源自突厥语,8世纪左右被借入蒙古语。“兀鲁思”与“万户”等同,且是在“鄂托克”之上的一种政治联盟。“兀鲁思”包括若干个“鄂托克”组织,北京木刻本《十方圣主格斯尔可汗传》中出现的“三个鄂托克兀鲁思”即以三个鄂托克组成的万户。通过以上词汇的考证可知藏族《格萨尔》传入蒙古地区的大致时代为15-17世纪,传入后与蒙古原有的文化相融合,出现了进一步本土化的现象。

This paper attempts to conduct a textual study on some vocabularies such as ‘Utog’ and ‘Ulus’ in theEpic of the Hero of GesrKhan of Beijing woodblock version. The authors of this essay argue that ‘Utog’ was originally found in Mongolian literature back to the period between the 15th to the 17th centuries,which replaced ‘Qian Hu’,which refers to a household system in Mongol Empire(AD 1206-1368). What is more,‘Ulus’ was a loanword from Turkic language and was introduced into Mongolian around eighth century. It refers to a political union and contains several ‘Utogs’. In this way the meaning of the phrase ‘Ulus of three Utogs’ in theEpic of the Hero of GesrKhan of Beijing woodblock version could be figured out. From the textual study itself,it could be found that the roughly time when Gesar Epic was introduced to Mongolia,the words and phrases was adapted into Mongolian demonstrates the cultural exchange and fusion between these two ethnic groups.