伊朗政治发展视域下的石油国有化运动研究

Nationalization of the Iranian Oil Industry and Contemporary Iranian Political Development

第二次世界大战后,英帝国走向衰落,英属殖民地和半殖民地纷纷展开民族独立运动。伊朗石油国有化运动是在此期间伊朗政府为收回由英国控制的石油资源、维护国家经济主权而展开的斗争行动。由于当时伊朗政治制度化程度较低,运动引发的政治参与扩大超出了现有政治制度的承受能力,引发国内政治动荡,进而招致外国势力干涉,导致运动以失败告终。石油国有化运动是伊朗现代政治发展历史上的关键节点。这场运动引发的政治动荡终结了伊朗自立宪革命以来建立的宪政制度,在客观上实现了政治权力的集中,促进伊朗政治的权威主义转型,构成了20世纪60年代伊朗高速现代化的重要前提。

After World War II,as British Empire was coming to collapse,its colonies and semi-colonies were moving toward independence.During this period,Iranian government initiated nationalization of the oil industry to recover its own petroleum resource controlled by British Company and maintain national economic sovereignty.However,the excessive political participation triggered by this movement was overloaded due to Iran's low political institutionalization,resulting in severe domestic unrest and foreign intervention.Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry was critical in modern Iranian political history,because the fierce political convulsion caused by it put an end to the Iranian constitutional government since the Persian Constitutional Revolution,leading to the concentration of political power.This contributed to Iranian political transformation,which,in turn,was one of the most important prerequisites of Iranian rapid modernization in the 1960s.Meanwhile,this movement also caused legitimation crisis of Pahlavi rule,aggravated anti-western psychology in Iranian society and sowed the seeds of social revolution in the future.