重大突发事件中政府价格管控的正当性研究:一个比较的视角

Research on the Legitimacy of Government Price Regulation in Serious Emergencies:A Comparative Perspective

在重大突发事件中,常常会出现“哄抬物价”的现象,而政府在对这种状况进行治理时所普遍采用的价格管控措施面临着经济学中“会降低市场供给的效率”“损害交易自由”等主张的质疑。回应这些质疑需要对政府限价行为的正当性基础进行研究,比较不同的正当性原则,有助于为这种正当性找到一个合理的基础。已有研究多从风险承受能力较差的“弱势者”视角出发。运用密尔的“伤害原则”梳理和完善此类正当性原则,表明它们虽有合理性但却存在着方法论层面的缺陷,即没有考虑到其他群体合理的反对理由,无法通过斯坎伦的契约主义方法中“不可合理反对”要求的检验,因而并不能为限价的正当性提供证成。基于“法律道德主义”原则,从放任价格上涨的“受益者”视角出发重构政府价格管控的正当性原则同样不能满足“不可合理反对”的要求。相比之下,从“共同体”视角出发,在已有研究基础上发展出来的“避免对于作为共同善的集体行动的伤害”这个原则是各类群体都难以提出合理反对的,可以为重大突发事件中政府价格管控措施的正当性提供证成。这种正当性原则有利于为政府的价格管控措施确立更适当的政策目标和政策工具,有助于促进国家突发事件治理的现代化。

Under situation of major emergencies,the phenomenon of “price gouging” often appears,and the price regulation measures generally adopted by the government in the governance of this situation are faced with doubts from economics,such as “they will reduce the efficiency of market supply”,“they will damage free transaction” and so on.In response to these queries,we need to study the legitimacy of government price regulation behavior.By comparing different legitimacy principles,it is helpful to find a more reasonable basis for this legitimacy.Most of the existing relevant studies are from the perspective of “vulnerable people” with poor risk tolerance.By using Mill’s “Harm Principle” to sort out and complete these legitimacy principles,it shows that although they are plausible,they still have methodological defects,that is,they do not take into account the reasonable objection reasons of other groups,and cannot pass the test of “could not reasonably reject” in Scanlon’s contractualism method,so they can not justify the legitimacy of price regulation.Based on the principle of “Legal Moralism”,reconstructing the legitimacy principle of government price regulation from the perspective of "beneficiaries" of price gouging also can not meet the requirements of “could not reasonably reject”.By comparison,from the perspective of “community”,the principle of “avoiding harm to collective action as a common good” developed on the basis of existing research is difficult for all groups to put forward reasonable rejections,which can provide justification for the legitimacy of government price regulation measures in major emergencies.This principle of legitimacy is conducive to establishing more appropriate policy objectives and policy tools for the government’s price regulation measures,and helps to promote the modernization of national emergency governance.