进口贸易开放与产业转型升级:经济思想史的考察

Import Liberalization and Industrial Transformation and Upgrading:A Survey of the History of Economic Thoughts

经济学围绕进口贸易开放的争论从未停止过,比较优势理论一经提出,李斯特、穆勒等学者就指出斯密、李嘉图站在发达资本主义经济体的立场具有局限性。从古典政治经济学到发展经济学,众多学者指出落后经济体要开启现代化进程、实现产业结构转型升级、形成在现代产业领域的新比较优势,实施进口限制和贸易保护具有必要性。20世纪90年代以来内生增长理论及异质性企业贸易理论,分别从内生技术进步及生产率提升的角度,就进口开放与产业转型升级的关系提供了新视角。观点相异的各学说流派并非相互否定的关系,发展阶段的不同在很大程度上决定了相关理论的适用性以及相应的政策导向。围绕进口贸易开放与产业转型升级的讨论,如果不考虑发展阶段的具体因素,是难以达成“共识”的。

The debate over import liberalization has never ceased in economics.Once the theory of comparative advantage was put forward,scholars such as List and Mill pointed out the limits of Smith and Ricardo's position in developed industrial economies.From classical political economy to development economics,many scholars pointed out that import liberalization is harmful to the development of developing nations.To start the process of economic modernization,facilitate the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure and create comparative advantage in the modem industrial sectors,import restrictions are necessary.However,the endogenous growth theory and heterogeneous firms trade theory since the 1990s have provided new theoretical support for import liberalization.The different views of various schools are not in conflict,but actually reveal the complexity of the debate.The different stages of industrial development largely determine the applicability and trade policy orientation of relevant theories.Debate over import liberalization and industrial transformation and upgrading,without considering the specific factors of development stage,is hard to reach a consensus.