拓扑学、再生产与阿尔都塞的国家理论

Topology, Reproduction and Althusser’s State Theory

阿尔都塞在《论再生产》中借鉴了拓扑学思想对传统马克思主义的国家理论进行了地形学改造。我们认为阿尔都塞对拓扑学空间理论的借用,不仅仅体现在他的国家理论中。阿尔都塞的再生产概念可以解释为对空间和地形的拓扑学变换。阿尔都塞的认识论断裂概念可以用拓扑学的“不可定向空间”和“可定向空间”的异质性来解释。另外,拓扑学起初被称为形势分析学,是对地势和地形、拓扑几何学空间中位置和位相之间关系的分析。阿尔都塞的政治哲学显然也体现为政治形势分析学和政治拓扑学的空间地形学研究。总之,阿尔都塞的再生产理论、认识论断裂、革命理论、政治哲学理论都与拓扑学和地形学分析以及拓扑几何学的空间理论息息相关。综上,拓扑学和地形学的思想对阿尔都塞哲学概念的形成和发展是至关重要的。这种重要性尤其体现在他对马克思主义国家理论的激进改造之中。通过国家理论,阿尔都塞实践了拓扑学的空间理论和结构主义的认识论。但学界对阿尔都塞思想与拓扑学理论的关联,尤其拓扑学的空间理论对阿尔都塞主要概念的关键影响,研究的还远远不够。

In On the Reproduction of Capitalism(Sur La Reproduction), Althusser used topology for reference to transform the traditional Marxist state theory topographically. We think that Althusser’s borrowing of topological space theory is not only reflected in his state theory. His concept of reproduction can be interpreted as a topological transformation of space and topography. His concept of epistemological rupture can be explained by the heterogeneity between “unorientable space” and “orientable space” in topology. In addition, topology was originally called situation analysis, which is the analysis of the relationship between hypsography and topography, and between position and phase in topological geometry space. Althusser’s political philosophy is obviously also reflected in the study of spatial topography, and in political situation analysis and political topology. In a word, Althusser’s concepts of reproduction theory, epistemological rupture, theory of revolution and political philosophy are all closely related to topological and topographic analysis, as well as the space theory of topological geometry. To sum up, topological and topographic ideas are crucial to the formation and development of Althusser’s philosophical concepts. This importance is especially reflected in his radical transformation of Marxist state theory, by which Althusser practiced topological space theory and structuralist epistemology. However, the research on the relationship between Althusser’s ideas and topological theory, especially on the significant influence of topological space theory on Althusser’s main concepts, is far from enough.