试论周代继承礼制及其春秋时期实践

Discussion on the Succession System of the Zhou Dynasty and its Practice in the Spring and Autumn Period

立嫡制度是周公制礼的重要部分,从礼制诞生之后,继承制度就是礼制重要的一环了。因此,欲了解华夏礼学,尤需对其继承礼制加以认识。继承礼制在周公制礼以后,最终确立了以嫡长子继承和余子分封为特征的继承礼制,但是在进入春秋以后,即使是宗周和鲁国也已经在相当程度上存在着不遵守乃至破坏继承礼制的行为,而吴国和宋国的继承则多少保留有殷商旧俗。对此,礼学三传中,《左传》虽然坚持嫡长子继承制的礼制,也对能让国于贤的君主提出了表扬,《谷梁传》对于嫡长子继承礼制的坚持更为强烈,但是也不否认在国家必须之时继承礼制的部分突破可以被接受,《公羊传》则最为强烈的维护继承礼制,认为无论个人品德国家需要如何,都不可以以此为理由破坏继承礼制。

The succession system is an important part of the Zhou Gong’s ritual system.Since the begin⁃ning of the ritual system,the inheritance system is vital in the ritual system.Therefore,to understand Chi⁃nese Ritual Studies,it is especially necessary to understand its inheritance ritual system.After the Duke Zhou settled system of rituals,the inheritance ritual system was finally established,which is characterized by the inheritance of the firstborn son and the separation of the remaining sons.The behavior of disobey⁃ing and destroying the inheritance ritual system existed in Zong Zhou and the state of Lu,while the inher⁃itance of Wu and Song states retained the old customs of Yin and Shang.In this regard,among the three biographies of etiquette,Zuozhuan insists on the ritual system of the firstborn son,nevertheless it also prais⁃es the monarch who can make the country more virtuous.The Guliang Zhuan insists more strongly on the lineal primogeniture system,but it does not deny that some breakthroughs in inheriting the ritual system can be accepted when the country needs it.The Gongyang Zhuan defends the inheritance ritual system most firmly,arguing that no matter what the individual morality needs of the country,it cannot be used as reason for breaking the inheritance ritual.