低龄未成年人犯罪核准追诉问题研究

Research on Affirmation of Prosecution of the Crime Committed by Minors 12-14 Years Old

《刑法》第17条第3款在严格限定条件的情况下对法定最低刑事责任年龄作了下调,为处理已满12周岁不满14周岁未成年人实施的严重危害案件提供了新途径。在实体上,情节恶劣需要根据案件情况进行全面评价,综合考量其犯罪的动机、目的、手段、过程、后果、犯罪中的作用、对象、案发原因、场所、时间、犯罪后表现等情况,以及其犯罪行为是否冲击社会基本价值观,挑战社会人伦底线等因素,予以判断。在程序要件上,第17条第3款中的核准追诉指的是核准启动刑事追诉程序,与经最高人民检察院核准继续追诉时效不同。“核准追诉”的实质,是由最高人民检察院决定该案的走向是作为刑事案件还是保护处分案件,其法律性质为先议制度。在具体程序上,核准追诉应当由设区的市级人民检察院受理并层报最高人民检察院审查决定。在最高人民检察院核准之前,证据收集方式应当根据案发后是否发现行为人而有所区分,对于行为人是低龄未成年人的,可以采取相应的调查和任意侦查措施,并可以根据情况采取一定的强制性管束措施。

Paragraph 3 of Article 17 of the Criminal Law reduces the statutory minimum age of criminal responsibility under the condition of strict restrictions,providing a new way to deal with seriously harmful cases committed by minors who has attained the age of 12 but under the age of 14.In terms of substance,the execrable circumstances need to be comprehensively evaluated according to the circumstances of the case,such as the motive,the purpose,the means,the process,the consequences,the role in the crime,the object,the cause of the crime,the place,the time,the performance after the crime,etc.,and whether the criminal act impacts the basic social values and challenges the bottom line of social ethics,then makes the judgment.In terms of procedural requirements,the affirmation of prosecution in Paragraph 3 of Article 17,refers to the affirmation of the initiation of criminal prosecution procedures,which is different from the system of prosecution limitation for continuing prosecution with the approval of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.The essence of"affirmation of prosecution"is that the Supreme People’s Procuratorate decides whether the case should be treated as a criminal case or a protective punishment case,and its legal nature is a prior deliberation system.In terms of specific procedures,the affirmation of prosecution shall be accepted by the districted municipal people’s procuratorate and reported to the Supreme People’s Procuratorate for review and decision.Prior to the Supreme People’s Procuratorate’s affirmation of prosecution,the method of evidence collection shall be differentiated according to whether the perpetrator is discovered after the incident.If the perpetrator who has attained the age of 12 but under the age of 14,corresponding survey and consent investigative measures may be employed,and certain compulsory disciplinary measures may be taken according to the circumstances.