正当防卫案件的证明责任分配规则研究——以浙江省200份刑事判决书为分析样本

Study on the Distribution Rules of Burden of Proof in Justifiable Defense Cases

正当防卫免责事由具有反向出罪性,依照定罪的正向证明逻辑应由被告方承担正当防卫证明责任。在检察机关承担有罪举证责任的粗疏化总括下,被告方承担证明责任缺乏理论依存和实践经验。由被告方承担有限证明责任符合无罪推定原则的总体要求,有助于实现刑事诉讼发现真实目的。为正确诠释正当防卫理念与规则,充分发挥控辩双方各自证明优势,制定公正灵活的证明责任分配规则需以被告人证明能力和刑事政策为相关的主要变量。在明确由被告方提出独立诉讼主张为承担证明责任的前提要件基础上,被告方承担主张责任需证明至表面可信程度。密闭空间防卫案件中被告方具有独知案件信息的证明优势,设置由被告方承担说服责任至优势证明程度的例外规则能够有效防止防卫权滥用。

In the background of forward proof logic of conviction, the accused should be required to take burden of proof of justifiable defense because of reverse proof logic of justifiable defense which plays the function of guilt emergence in practice. However, under the briefly outlined regulation of burden of proof taken by prosecution in law, burden of proof taken by the accused is lack of theoretical dependence and practical experience exactly. In fact,distributing partial burden of proof to the accused meets the general requirements of the principle of presumption of innocence and contributes to realize the fact-finding purpose of criminal procedure law. In order to interpret the concept and rules of justifiable defense correctly and bring both of prove advantages of the accused and prosecution into full play, prove ability of the accused and criminal policy are two relevant main variables to formulate the fair and flexible distribution rules of burden of proof. Thus, on the basis of clarifying that the independent litigation claim is the prerequisite for the accused to take burden of pleading, the accused who takes burden of pleading should the prima facie proof standard. Besides, in justifiable defense cases of confined space, the accused who is only person in the know about unique information of case has the notable prove advantage. And for reasons of preventing abuse of defense right, the exception rule should be set to require the accused to take burden of persuasion which should reach preponderance proof standard.