治疗阿尔茨海默病的皂苷类成分及其作用机制研究进展

Saponins in Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Mechanism of Action:A Review

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种不可逆转的神经退行性疾病,临床表现为记忆障碍、失语、视空间技能损害、执行功能障碍及人格改变等症状。其发病机制尚未完全明确,至今没有完全治愈的手段,给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。皂苷是一类苷元为三萜或螺甾烷类化合物的低聚糖苷,分为三萜皂苷和甾体皂苷,具有多种生物活性。目前尚无皂苷类成分抗AD作用系统完善的综述,笔者通过检索近几年文献,在动物实验的基础上总结皂苷类成分改善AD的研究,研究发现皂苷类成分通过抑制β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)级联活性、抑制微管相关蛋白(tau)过度磷酸化、抑制神经元氧化应激、抑制炎症因子、调节细胞凋亡、抑制胆碱能神经元退化、促进线粒体自噬、调节肠道菌群、增强能量代谢等方式提高学习能力,改善认知障碍,进而改善AD动物模型的病理状态。不同皂苷对AD的治疗效果不同,结合皂苷成分和抗AD效果,讨论了不同苷元和糖链对于抗AD活性的影响,为皂苷类成分的开发和利用提供新的思路和理论基础。

Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical manifestations such as memory impairment, aphasia, impaired visuospatial skills, executive function impairment,and personality changes. AD has brought a heavy burden to the family and society due to its unrevealed pathogenesis and the lack of therapeutic approaches. Saponins,a group of oligoglycosides whose aglycones are triterpenes or spirosteroids,are divided into triterpene saponins and steroidal saponins,which have a variety of biological activities. At present,there is no systematic review on the anti-AD effect of saponins.According to the literature published in recent years, the authors summarized the studies of saponins in improving AD based on animal experiments. The results indicated that saponins enhanced learning ability and improved cognitive impairment by inhibiting amyloid β-protein(Aβ)cascade activity,suppressing microtubuleassociated protein(tau)hyperphosphorylation,inhibiting neuronal oxidative stress,inhibiting inflammatory factors, regulating apoptosis, inhibiting cholinergic neuronal degeneration, promoting mitochondrial autophagy, regulating intestinal flora, and enhancing energy metabolism, which in turn improved the pathological state of AD animal models. The therapeutic effects of different saponins on AD are different. The present study discussed the effect of different aglycones and sugar chains on the anti-AD activity based on saponins and anti-AD effect to provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of saponins.