从敦煌文献看苯教宇宙观的形成及演变

A Look at the Formation and Evolution of the Cosmology of Bon Religion through Dunhuang Manuscripts

苯教的二元论宇宙观受到波斯袄教的影响,光明与黑暗等二重性构成了苯教教义基本内容之一,这在当前学术界似乎形成一种定论,主要是基于苯教古籍《世间库续》形成的。在敦煌文献中,苯教宇宙观有“九层天”“十三层天”之说,这是苯教早期的宇宙观。11世纪以后的苯教宇宙观,“十三层天”逐渐演变为三十三层天,可见于《光荣经》《塞米经》《集经》以及仪轨文献中。其后,三十三层天又归结为“三元”,苯教经典基本都以“黑、白、花”三色分类。从“三元”到“二元”的转变,是在苯教制度化过程中完成的,是宗教发展过程中形成的,某种程度上也为佛教的传入奠定了理论基础。

There seems to have formed a conclusion in the academic circles that the dualism cosmology of Bon religion has been influenced by the Persian Zoroastrian,and the duality of light and darkness constitutes one of the basic contents of Bon doctrine.This conclusion is based on the ancient Bon literature Srid pavi mdzod phug.According to the Bon cosmology recorded in the Dunhuang manuscripts,there are theories that the heaven has nine layers or thirteen layers,which is the early Bon cosmology.After the eleventh century,the concept of thirteen layers of heaven has evolved into that of thirty-three layers of heaven,which can be found in mDo gzer mig,mDo vdus,mDo dri med gzi brjid and some ritual texts.The theory of thirty-three layers of heaven comes down to"triadism".The basic classics of Bon religion are divided into three categories-black,white,and varicolored.The transformation of"triadism"into dualism was completed in the process of institutionalization of Bon religion,formed in the development of religion,and to some extent it also laid the theoretical foundation for the later introduction of Buddhism.