多重视角下的西夏帝师热巴研究

Study on the Ti shri Ras pa of the Western Xia(Tangut)from Multiple Perspectives

近年来以《帝师热巴传》为代表的一批藏文史料被陆续披露,为重新认识西夏时期佛教的发展情况提供了可能。文献材料显示,藏地高僧热巴从进入西夏起,历经三十年成为末任帝师并见证了西夏的灭亡,其主要在河西走廊地区进行传法、建寺活动,与现存的诸多西夏晚期佛教遗存有着密切联系。同时在莫高窟、榆林窟与黑水城等地出现的考古材料中,都出现了戴法帽的高僧像,从这类高僧像的绘制规格中可看出他们所戴僧帽为帝师黑帽,其服饰特征也与同时期卫藏唐卡高僧像高度接近,应为同一时期的产物。接着通过历史语言学分析认为《帝师热巴传》中的■一词应为汉语“敦煌”在西夏时期的藏语对音,此外西夏的帝师黑帽也应授给了热巴,但为政治现实考量,回到藏地后热巴即放弃使用黑帽,这一标志性物证的传续就此中断。最后结合热巴在西夏的活动地域与宗教地位,综合判断敦煌莫高窟第465窟中出现的戴帝师法帽高僧像所绘应为西夏末任帝师热巴。

Tibetan materials have showed that the Tibetan monk Ras pa engaged in the activities of building temples and disseminating Buddhism in the Western Xia(Tangut)for nearly 30 years,eventually became the last Imperial Preceptor(Ti shri),witnessed the demise of the Western Xia Regime,and he was closely related to many existing Buddhist relicts of the late Western Xia in the Hexi region.This paper starts with the biographical documents of Ti shri Ras pa,and then makes a comparative study of the images of eminent monks wearing black hats in the Western Xia Regime.Through the research methods of linguistics and philology,it is concluded that there is a great possibility that the image of eminent monks painted in the front room of Mogao Cave465 in Dunhuang is Ti shri Ras pa.