唐卡造像量度图式传习:身体记忆与体化实践

Inheritance of Thangka Iconometry:Body Memory and Incorporating

文章从体化实践的视角出发,考察唐卡造像量度图式传习的“六步法”:一是通过坐姿与手势对身体进行控制与规训;二是以反复临摹创建视知觉模式与基本图式记忆;三是经由刻意训练和心性磨练克服身体惯习;四是以类型化训练的形式扩展图式记忆系统;五是通过精微描绘与概括提炼的训练达到眼、手、心的契合;六是以体知合一的方式实现创造性构思与自由表达。分别讨论了处于不同阶段的唐卡学徒随着图式记忆、造型能力、艺术构思的创建与拓展,其身体感知与心性发生的变化,以及在与老师、同门互动中身心被重新塑造的过程。体化实践的身体记忆属性,揭示了唐卡技艺训练是对固有身体惯习的超越,是身心达到的一种状态,而非一劳永逸的知识原理。这一专业领域的、精微化的传习体系既是个人学习、知识的社会传递乃至开创新的文化图景的重要方式,也是与唐卡相关的感知模式、道德情感、价值判断等内容,促使学徒挑战技艺的极限,并不断追求人格的完善。文章认为,造像量度图式传习的六步法体现唐卡学徒获得艺术创造力的过程是建立在大量前人成果之上循序渐进式的突破。因此,这种创造性属于集体实践的区域而非个体成就。在这个意义上,唐卡传承人的职责便是以内化的身体记忆守住文化之脉。

From the perspective of materialized practice,this paper investigates the " six steps" in the inheritance of Thangka iconometry.Firstly,control and discipline the body through sitting posture and gestures;secondly,create visual perception patterns and basic schema memory by practice repeatedly;thirdly,overcome physical habits through deliberate practice and mental training;fourthly,expand the schema memory system in the form of typological training;fifthly,the combination of eyes,hands and hearts can be achieved through the training of subtle description and generalization and refinement;sixthly,realize creative conception and free expression in the way of unity of body and knowledge.With the creation and expansion of schema memory,modeling ability and artistic conception,this paper discusses Thangka apprentices in different stages,their physical perception and mental changes,as well as the process of physical and mental reshaping in the interaction with teachers and peers.The quality of body memory in incorporating reveals that Thangka skill training is a transcendence of inherent body habits,a state reached by unity of body and mind,rather than a knowledge principle once and for all.As a professional field and sophisticated system of teaching and learning,it is not only an important way of personal learning,social transmission of knowledge and even an innovative cultural landscape,but also the content of perception mode,moral emotion,value judgment and so on related to Thangka.It is also the perception mode,moral emotion,value judgment and other contents related to Thangka,which makes the apprentices challenge the limits of skills,and constantly pursue the perfection of personality.The "six steps" in the inheritance of Thangka iconometry reminds us that the process of artistic creativity obtained by Thangka apprentice is a stepby-step breakthrough based on a large number of previous achievements.Therefore,this creativity belongs to the region of collective practice rather than individual achievement.In this sense,the duty of Thangka inheritors is to hold the pulse of culture with internalized body memory.