中国化视野下藏传佛教各教派形成的历史及本土特点

The History and Local Characteristics of the Formation of Tibetan Buddhist Sects from the Perspective of Developing Religions in the Chinese Context

佛教在西藏经历了前弘期和后弘期两个发展阶段。吐蕃时期的佛教在西藏历史上处于初步传播时期,尚未形成鲜明的西藏本土特点。到了后弘期,佛教开始形成不同的传承系统,并在此基础上形成几个教派,开始融入诸多西藏本土特点和因素,从而逐渐形成了藏传佛教。文章提出教派的形成是佛教在西藏顺应社会局势变化之结果,并从社会政治和经济基础、思想文化三个方面加以论证;另外文中提出了教派形成所彰显的三大本土特点,即创始人有僧有俗、教义经典各成体系、多样性传承方式形成;还归纳了教派形成的几个重要影响,即推动政教合一制度产生、催生活佛转世制度的形成、涌现众多佛学大师和经典著作、丰富西藏文化的内涵等。通过归纳和分析,阐明藏传佛教教派的形成是佛教中国化的产物。

Buddhism in Tibet has experienced two stages of development,the“early spread”and“later spread”.In the Tubo period,Buddhism was at the beginning of its spread in Tibetan history,and had not yet formed distinct local characteristics of Tibet.In the later spread,Buddhism gradually formed different inheritance systems,based on which several major sects in Tibet came into being,and they integrated with many local characteristics and factors of Tibet,thus Tibetan Buddhism gradually took shape.The paper proposes that the formation of sects is the result of Buddhism adapting to the changes of social situation in Tibet,and it is demonstrated from three aspects,including social politics,economic basis,ideology and culture.In addition,the paper proposes three local characteristics manifested by the formation of sects,that is,the founders includes both monks and laypersons,different systems have their own doctrines and classic works,and various inheritance methods have formed.It also summarizes several important influences of the formation of sects,namely,promoting the emergence of the union of politics and religion,urging the formation of the reincarnation system of tulkus(sPrul-sKu),the emergence of Buddhist masters and classic works,enriching the connotation of Tibetan culture,and so on.Through the above analysis and summary,it shows that the formation of Tibetan Buddhist sects is the product of developing Buddhism in the Chinese context.