关于《白史》的书名与前序后跋——蒙藏文化交流与交融之一例

About the Title and Preface and Postscript of the White History——An Example of Mongolian-Tibetan Cultural Communication and Integration

《白史》是蒙古学研究领域中学者意见分歧最大的文献之一,也充分体现了蒙藏文化的交流。文章认为,《白史》是蒙古语?aγan teüke的对译。?aγan在蒙古语中除了表示“白色”外,还具有“善、正”之意。Teüke从tegüge(古蒙古语里的发音为tehühe)变化而来,其词根为tegü,意为“(把某东西)收集起来”。《白史》书名中的tegüge的含义是“集子”。故所谓《十善法白史》全书名的含义即《十善法正集》。《白史》的这一书名与西藏“伏藏”文献有关。《白史》作者将其定位为关于十善法政教二道的历史、理论、信条、授记及执行政教二道的机构与制度设置的正确无误的信息集合。正因为如此,《白史》作者把藏文■译成蒙古文用在自己的书名里。总之,所谓“白史”意为政教二道学说的“正善全集”,没有“白色史书”的含义。《白史》的序言不符蒙古史书的一贯传统,给出了这本书的作者、二次编修人、参考文献、成书年代、掘藏师、发掘地点等所有信息,实际上就是按照西藏“伏藏”文献的做法编写。《白史》的跋文的用语和字体同样透露着作者故意仿古的特别安排,也是为了让人相信这本书的文字与元代蒙古人有关。

?aγan teüke,or known as the White History,is one of the most controversial texts among scholars in the field of Mongolian studies,and the title of the book has been interpreted in different ways.“White History”is a word-for-word translation of the Mongolian phrase?aγan teüke.In addition to“white”,?aγan also means“noble,righteous”in Mongolian.Teüke is transformed from tegüge(pronounced as tehühe in ancient Mongolian),whose root is tegü,meaning“to gather(something)together”.The meaning of tegüge in the title of the White History is“a collection of texts”.Therefore,its full title Arban buyantu nom-un?aγan teüke,or“the White History of Ten Virtuous Dharma”,needs to be understood as“the Noble Collection of Ten Virtuous Dharma”.The title of this book is related to the Tibetan terma literature.The author of the White History defined his book as a compendium about the history,theories,tenets,teachings of the two paths—politics and religion—of Ten Virtuous Dharma and the institutional and systematic setup for their implementation.It is for this reason that the author translated the Tibetan word bKav vbum into Mongolian and put it in the title of his book.In any case,the so-called“White History”stands for the“noble and virtuous full collection”of the two paths of politics and religion,and has no meaning as“a white book of history”.The preface to the White History,which is not in keeping with the traditions of Mongolian annals,gives all the information about its author,its secondary editor,the references,the date of completion,its discoverer(Tib.gter ston),the place of its discovery,etc.In fact,the organization of its preface exactly follows the practice of the Tibetan terma(ger-ma)literature.The wording and font of the postscript of the White History likewise reveal the author’s intention to imitate texts of the past and to give credence to the idea that the literature is related to the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty.