移动农业与山地社会的国家——浙西南山区香菇生计的生成与文化遗产化研究

Shifting Agriculture and the State in Mountain Society——A Study on the Generation and Cultural Heritage of Mushroom Livelihoods in Mountain Counties in Southwest Zhejiang

山地社会的移动农业在应对“无法逃避”的统治时,会生成什么样的文化形态,是一个还没有被充分讨论的问题。我们以浙江西南山区县香菇生计为研究对象对此展开探讨。文章首先通过对这种跨省域、跨季节的香菇种植的分析,来展现这一充满不确定性、流动性的移动农业的起源和特征,继而回顾菇民从借用王朝国家的贡赋经济、象征符号来完成香菇生计的合法化,到在民族国家组织机制的荫蔽下,创造性地运用国家话语、发明仪式进行食用菌经济产业化和文化遗产化的历程,来透视“文明上山”方式由象征型聚合向组织型聚合的变迁中,东南山地的生存和繁荣策略。为此,东南山地的移动农业充满着“借用统治”乃至“创造统治的艺术”,显露着与西南山地“逃避统治”截然不同,又与华南山地“接受统治”有所差异的“农民商”文化形态。

The question that what kind of cultural form the shifting agriculture of mountain society will generate when dealing with the“inescapable”domination has not been fully discussed yet.This article discusses the issue by exploring mushroom livelihoods in the mountain counties of southwest Zhejiang.The article firstly shows the origin and characteristics of this uncertain and mobile agriculture through the analysis of this cross-provincial and cross-season mushroom cultivation.Then it reviews the farmers legalization of mushroom livelihoods by borrowing the tribute economy and symbols of the dynastic state.By utilizing the organizational mechanism of the nation-state,they creatively adopt the national discourse and rituals to fulfill the economic industrialization of edible mushrooms and make it a cultural heritage.This article analyzes the survival and prosperity strategies of the southeast mountain societies in the transition from symbolic aggregation to organizational aggregation during the movement as“civilization upwards the hills”.In conclusion,this article argues that the shifting agriculture in southeast China's mountainous area can be seen as a“governess-borrowing”process,even“the art of entering governess”.It shows a“peasant merchant”cultural form that is completely different from the“escaping from governess”in the southwestern mountains areas of China,and sustains some distinctions from the“art of being governed”in the southern mountain areas of China.