新中国城市居住分异聚居纽带的类型与演变

The Bridging Ties and Evolution of Residential Differentiation in Transitional China

城市居住分异是城市社会学、地理学经久不衰的研究课题,而聚居纽带是解读城市社会群体“类聚群分”特征与机理的关键以聚居纽带为切入点,通过分析#合城市社会群体聚居于特定空间的社会关联及变化规律发现:新中国成立以来,城市居民的聚居纽带主要有业缘、地缘、族缘、产缘、趣缘等形式,在不同历史时期,发挥主导作用的聚居纽带有所不同计划经济时期以“单位大院""工人新村”为典型代表的业缘型聚居为主,改革开放初期以同乡、同族外来人口聚居区为代表的地缘型和族缘型聚居为主,市场经济时期以具有相似经济社会地位、家庭属性、生活需求和居住偏好等特征的群体,通过自由择居而形成的产缘型和趣缘型聚居为主城市居住分异的聚居纽带发生了由被动到主动、由强纽带到弱联系、由社会资衣主导到经济资衣和文化资本主导的转变。

Residential differentiation is an enduring research topic,while bridging ties play a vital role in revealing the mechanism of“hirds of a feather flock together”.Through the analysis of bridging relationship,this paper discovers the social association pattern and evolution mechanism of residential differentiation in specific regions and groups.Since the establishment of People's Republic of China(PRC),the type of bridging ties diverse into occupation-based,homcplace-based,ethnic-based,assets-based and interest-based ties,which resulting in different patterns of residential differentiation in different periods:In the period of planned economy,“danwei community”and staff quarter were typical patterns of occupation-based community.During the early period of the reform and opening-up,represented by migrant community,homeplace-based or ethnic-based community become the mainstream paradigm.However,in the period of market economy,people with similar economic social status,family attributes and living preferences trend to settle together,which formed new type of assets-based or interest-based community.The bridging ties of residential differentiation evolved explicitly from passivity to initiative agglomeration,from strong to weak ties,from social to economic and cultural capital.