“福柯反弗洛伊德”?——一项从个体生命到时代背景的心理考察

“Foucault’s Opposition to Freud?”: A Psychological Study from Individual Life to Zeitgeist

考察福柯不同生命阶段对弗洛伊德精神分析的评价,可发现福柯对待弗洛伊德的态度并非单一的拒斥,而是经历了动态的“依恋—反叛—和解”的过程。早年福柯拥护弗洛伊德的释梦理论,批判则集中在精神分析论的阶级性与其对现代家庭结构的影响上,而后期福柯对自我技术的考察又回归到弗洛伊德对现代文明的诊断。接着聚焦于两人所处的时代背景,论证福柯所处的六十年代法国在“人的发展”问题上所进行的实践性探索,是弗洛伊德那个“世纪末”时代精神的一次轮回,以此为福柯和弗洛伊德之间的关联寻到更深的可能。

This article attempts to figure out the intellectual relation between Freud and Foucault. A review of Foucault’s critique on Freudian psychoanalysis at the different stages of his life shows that Foucault’s attitude toward Freud was not simply one of rejection, but one that went through a dynamic process “from attachment to rebellion and, eventually, reconciliation.” In his early years, Foucault supported Freud’s theory on the interpretation of dreams,while his critiques of Freud focused on the class nature of psychoanalysis and its influence on modern family structures. Later on, however, Foucault’s examination of the technologies of the self went back to Freud’s diagnosis of modern civilization. By focusing on their respective social milieu, the article also intends to argue that the practical probe into the issue of “man’s development,” conducted in France during Foucault’s time, the 1960s, was a reincarnation of that fin-de-siècle zeitgeist, so as to further cultivate the relation between Foucault and Freud.