信息、规则与自由裁量权:不确定性下的公共决策

Information, Rules and Discretion: Public Policy-making under Uncertainty

世界处于日益加深的不确定性中。在经济、社会、技术等信息具有不确定性的情况下,应当如何进行公共决策,才能避免决策的重大失误?根据决策所需的信息条件,不确定性下公共决策中存在一种“功能—依据”二维框架。根据决策功能为干预实质结果或规范价值和程序、决策依据为规则或自由裁量权,公共决策可以分为理性研判型、渐进调适型、民主协商型和政治决断型四种机制。政治家、行政官员、技术专家和公众等决策参与主体因其信息优势差异,应当采取不同的参与方式和问责形式。

Certain information is required for problem definition and strategy formulation on public policy making. However, eligible information is often insufficient in the real world. How should public policy be made under uncertainty? This article builds a two-dimension framework of public decision-making mechanism with function as one dimension and foundation as the other. Therefore, substantial decisions and procedural decisions are divided by policy functions, while rules and discretion are divided by their decision-making foundations.Four decision-making models under uncertainty are deducted among the two-dimension matrix. The types and characteristics of information required and the major actors for each decision-making model are discussed. Finally,According to their information basis and participation channels, various accountabilities should upon to politicians,executive bureaucrats, consulting experts and the public.