北极治理的国际制度竞争与权威构建

International Institutional Competition and Authority Construction in Arctic Governance

国际制度能够推动国家围绕某一北极治理议题进行合作与协调,从而规范国家行为。随着北极治理的实践理念从自助式的“丛林法则”向合作式的“制度法则”演变,国家面临遵循何种国际制度的选择困境,而对国家行为的约束力则是国际制度权威性的基础,这促使北极治理国际制度的主导国和参与国,都致力于提升国际制度的权威性,以维护本国的北极利益。“国际合法性”“国际认可度”与“制度刚性”是判断国际制度权威性的重要指标,而权威性差异造成北极治理国际制度体系呈现出层级结构。北极治理国际制度竞争分为国际规则竞争、国际组织竞争、国际秩序竞争三个阶段,当前北极治理国际制度竞争主要处于国际规则竞争阶段。由于北极治理具有议题局限性,国际规则供给呈现出相对过剩状态,这必然导致国际规则之间、倡导国际规则的国际行为体之间进行竞争,这亦是北极治理国际制度体系变迁的核心动力。未来权威型北极治理国际制度体系构建包括域内自理模式、公约治理模式和协商治理模式。北极利益攸关方之所以围绕国际规则设置权和国际组织主导权展开竞争,既是源于捍卫本国北极权益的考量,更是为了构建符合本国长远战略利益的国际秩序。

International institutions can promote countries to cooperate and coordinate around a certain Arctic governance issue,thereby regulating state behavior. As the practical concept of Arctic governance evolves from the self-help "law of the jungle" to the cooperative "law of the institution",the countries are faced with the dilemma of choosing which international institution to follow,and the binding force on the state’s behavior is the authoritative international institutions. This has prompted the leading and participating countries in the international institution of Arctic governance to devote themselves to enhancing the authority of the international institutions in order to safeguard their own Arctic interests. "International legitimacy", "international recognition",and "institutional rigidity" are important indicators for judging the authority of international institutions,and differences in authority have caused the international institutional system of Arctic governance to present a hierarchical structure. The international institutional competition for Arctic governance is divided into three stages :international rule competition,international organization competition,and international order competition. The current international institutional competition for Arctic governance is mainly in the stage of international rule competition. Due to the limited issues of Arctic governance,the supply of international rules presents a relatively surplus state,which will inevitably lead to competition among international rules and international actors advocating international rules. This is also the core driving force for changes in the international institutional system of Arctic governance. The construction of an authoritative international institutional system for Arctic governance in the future includes an intra-regional self-care model,a convention governance model and a negotiated governance model. The reason why Arctic stakeholders compete for the right to set international rules and the dominance of international organizations not only from the consideration of defending their own Arctic rights and interests,but also to build an international order that conforms to their long-term strategic interests.