从满汉合璧文献看近代汉语平比句标记“的+C”的来源与发展演变

Origin and Development of the Equative Marker“de的+C”in Early Modern Chinese:A Study Based on Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Literatures

本文讨论近代汉语平比句标记“的+C”的来源及其发展演变。其中,“的一般”来源于蒙古语,最早出现于元代;“的似的”“的是的”“的一样/的样”来源于满语,最早出现于清代。虽然产生时代和来源语言不同,但产生原因基本相同。同属阿尔泰语系的满语和蒙古语在平比句表达中会出现表示“属格”或“时体”的语法成分,而汉语在相同的语言表达中出现了语法空位,因而便采用助词“的”来填补这一空位,形成了“的+C”标记。但这一表达方式在现当代文学作品中只有少量存留。这说明汉语语言系统本身具有自我调节功能,在语言发展的过程中不断调整以适应汉语的结构规则。

This paper deals with the origin and development of the equative marker“de的+C”in Early Modern Chinese.Specifically,the form“de yiban的一般”comes from the Mongolian language and has been first seen in the Yuan dynasty,while the forms“de shide的似的”,“de shide的是的”and“de yiyang的一样/de yang的样”originate from the Manchu language and have appeared first in the Qing dynasty.Though different in times of occurrence and in source languages,these forms have resulted from basically identical causes.The grammatical elements indicating the genitive case or tense-aspect are used in the expression of equative sentences in Manchu and Mongolian,both being Altaic languages,while Chinese has no such elements in equative sentences and fills this grammatical gap instead with the particle“de”,and hence the equative marker“de+C”comes into being.In modern and contemporary Chinese literary works,“de+C”is only sparsely used.This shows that the Chinese linguistic system itself has a self-regulatory function,adjusting itself constantly in the development of Chinese to accommodate to the Chinese structural rules.