强的“以言行事”与象征主义批判——对一个仪式的解读

Strong “Illocutionary” and Criticism of Symbolism——An Interpretation of a Ritual

黔中屯堡村庄鲍屯的鲍氏族人在历史上举行的扶箕问祖仪式,属于芮马丁所说的强的“以言行事”。在仪式中,强的“以言行事”的因素皆具备:一是族人明确地打算通过仪式来影响外在世界,即确定墓主的身份;二是仪式由拥有较高社会地位的人来执行;三是神灵在场;四是仪式最后产生了效果,祖先身份确定。对鲍氏族人而言,在请乩问祖仪式中降临的神灵,并非是现实社会的投射和隐喻。他们认为这些神灵就是真实的存在,是他们与世界发生互动的真实对象。因此,象征主义并不能解释该仪式。

The Fuji Ritual of identifying the ancestors held by the Bao lineage in the village of Tunpu in central Guizhou belongs to the strong illocutionary as Emily Martin calls it. In the ritual, the strong factors of illocutionary are all possessed: the first is that the clansmen clearly intend to influence the external world through ritual, that is, to determine the identity of the tomb owner;the second is that the ritual is carried out by those who have a higher social status;the third is that the gods are present;the fourth is that the ritual has an effect and the ancestral identity is determined. For the Bao clan, the gods in the ritual are not the projections and metaphors of the real society. Instead, they believe that the gods are real beings in their interaction with the world. Therefore, the ritual can not be explained by symbolism.