中华蜜蜂授粉对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响

Effects of Apis cerana cerana pollination on the yield and quality of kiwifruit

【目的】明确中华蜜蜂(简称“中蜂”)授粉对猕猴桃产量、经济效益、采收品质及贮藏性的影响,为强化中蜂授粉的产业功能和实现猕猴桃优质高产提供理论依据。【方法】以贵长猕猴桃为研究对象,分别设中蜂授粉、人工授粉和自然授粉3个处理,测定不同授粉方式下猕猴桃的坐果指标、产量因子、采收品质和贮藏期间的品质变化,估算其经济效益。【结果】与自然授粉和人工授粉相比,中蜂授粉后猕猴桃单株坐果率显著增加(P<0.05,下同),畸形果率明显降低,单株坐果率分别提高70.61%和8.94%(绝对值),畸形果率分别降低7.06%和1.19%(绝对值);果实纵横径、商品果率、单果质量、单株产量、面积产量和产值均显著增加,单株产量高达26.67 kg,较自然授粉和人工授粉分别增产233.38%和27.00%,面积产量高达20.00 t/ha,产值达24.00万元/ha,除去成本后效益达20.95万元/ha,较自然授粉和人工授粉分别增收16.75万和8.30万元/ha;采收时果实硬度显著降低,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和维生素C含量显著增加;此外,中蜂授粉可降低贮藏期的果实腐烂率,贮藏45 d后中蜂授粉的果实腐烂率为73.67%,显著低于自然授粉(96.67%)和人工授粉(89.00%),减缓果实硬度下降及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸和维生素C的消耗。【结论】相较于自然授粉和人工授粉,中蜂授粉有助于提高猕猴桃产量和经济效益,改善果实的采收和贮藏品质,可作为一种增产增收、提质增效的授粉方式推广应用于猕猴桃产业。

【Objective】To investigate the effect of pollination by Apis cerana cerana on the yield,economic benefit,harvest quality and storage quality of kiwifruit,so as to provide a theoretical basis for strengthening the industrial use of pollination by A. cerana cerana and to achieve high quality and yield of kiwifruit.【Method】Using Guichang kiwifruit as the research object,the experimental groups were created,which were pollinated in three ways by A. cerana cerana,artificially and naturally. The fruit setting index,yield factor,harvest quality and quality changes during the storage period of kiwifruit were determined,and the potential economic benefits of each type of pollination estimated.【Result】Compared with natural and artificial pollination,the A. cerana cerana pollinated group showed significantly differences in the fruit setting rate(P<0.05,the same below),increased by 70.61% and 8.94%(absolute value),respectively,and deformity rate decreased by 7.06% and 1.19%(absolute value),respectively. The fruit vertical and horizontal diameters,commodity rate,quality,yield per plant,area yield and production value were significantly increased in the A. cerana cerana pollinated group. Relatived to the artificially and naturally pollinated groups,the yield per plant increased up to 26.67 kg,representing an increase of 233.38% and 27.00%,respectively. The area yield increased up to 20.00 t/ha,with an output value was up to 240000 yuan/ha. After removing the costs involved,the benefit was as high as 209500 yuan/ha,an increase of167500 and 83000 yuan/ha,relatived to artificial and natural pollination,respectively. Further improvements included a significant decrease in the harvest firmness and significant increases in soluble solids,soluble sugar and vitamin C content.In addition,A. cerana cerana pollination can significantly reduce the rate of fruit decay rate. After 45 days of storage,the decay rate of the A. cerana cerana pollination group was 73.67%,significantly lower than that of the natural pollination group(96.67%)and the artificial pollination group(89.00%),and reduced fruit hardness and consumption of soluble solids,soluble sugars,organic acids and vitamin C consumption.【Conclusion】Compared with natural and artificial pollination,A. cerana cerana pollination of kiwifruit can improve the yield,harvest and storage qualities of the fruit with economic benefits. This pollination method can be implemented in the kiwifruit production industry to increase production and economic returns with improvements in kiwifruit quality.