越南玉米产业发展及市场供需现状分析

Analysis of the development of Vietnam’s maize industry and the current situation of market supply and demand

【目的】掌握越南玉米产业发展历程及现状,为中越两国开展科技合作提供决策参考。【方法】基于越南统计局数据,总结归纳越南玉米发展历程、种植生产、进口贸易及各生态区生产情况,对中越玉米在技术和市场等方面的合作进行展望。【结果】越南从事玉米育种研究较晚,品种引入,国外品种引进对越南玉米育种和生产发展起重要作用,越南玉米种植面积、单产和总产量自20世纪80年代以来逐年上升,目前种植面积在100万ha左右,总产量在500万t左右,2014年以来呈现逐年下滑趋势。从生态区域来看种植主要集中在北部丘陵山区,2019年北部种植面积61.97万ha,占全越南玉米1/3以上;从省份来看种植面积较大省份有山罗省、多乐省、义安省和清化省,产量来较大省份是多乐省、山罗省、同奈省、清化省、义安省、嘉莱省和得农省;从南北区域来看种植面积和产量主要集中在北部;从栽培条件来看,东南部、九龙江平原和西原地区玉米单产最高,单产较高省份是同塔、坚江、安江和同奈。越南生产的玉米约60%用于食用和生产酒精,40%用于生产饲料。越南生产的玉米满足不了本国需求,需从美国、印度等国进口大量玉米,年进口量100万~180万t,且80%为转基因玉米。种植品种主要有单交玉米GS9989(A380)、VN5885、TC 14-1,鲜食糯玉米品种VN556、甜玉米品种20(DL20)青料饲料两用玉米VS71品种。玉米草地贪夜蛾是危害中越两国迁飞性害虫;同时越南玉米生产中存在品种单一、优良品种匮乏、栽培技术落后制约其玉米产业的发展。【建议】我国相关机构部门应加强与越南玉米研究所和越南农业大学等农业研究部门合作;加大示范推广我国优良玉米品种;在越南登记经示范适用玉米品种;与企业合作将适宜品种出口到越南,加强与东盟国家合作。

【Objective】To investigate and analyze the current situation of supply and demand of maize production in Vietnam,so as to provide varieties and data reference for China-Vietnam maize cooperation.【Method】Based on statistics from General Statistics Office of Vietnam,the history,cultivation techniques,production and trade of maize in Vietnam,and ecological regions in the country were elaborated to find out their main problems for putting forward specific countermeasures and suggestions.【Result】Given Vietnam’s late beginning of maize breeding research relatively late,the introduction of foreign varieties in the development of maize breeding and production played an important role in the country.Vietnam’s maize planting area,unit yield and total production increased year by year from 1980s to the present. However,their maize planting area was about 1 million ha,and the total maize production was about 5 million tons,showing an overall downward trend year by year from 2014. From an ecological perspective,the planting area was mainly in the country’s northern hills and mountains. In 2019,the northern planting area was 619700 ha,accounting for more than onethird of maize planting area in Vietnam. From the perspective of provincial level,the provinces with the largest planting area were Son La,Dak Lak,Nghe An and Thanh Hoa,and the provinces with the largest production volume were Dak Lak,Son La,Dong Nai,Thanh Hoa,Nghe An,Gia Lai and Tak Nong. From the perspective of the north-south region,the planting area and output were mainly in the north. In terms of cultivation conditions,the southeast,Mekong River Delta and Central Hightland region had the highest maize yield per unit,and the provinces with high per unit yield were the Dong Thap,Kien Giang,An Giang and Dong Nai Provinces. About 60% of the maize produced in Vietnam was used for food and alcohol production,and around 40% was used for the production of feed. Vietnam’s maize production could not meet Vietnam’s domestic demand,so a large amount of maize was imported from the United States,India and other countries. The annual import volume ranged from 1 to 1.8 million tons,80% of which was genetically-modified maize.The main planted varieties were single-cross maize GS9989(A380),VN5885,TC 14-1,fresh waxy maize variety VN556,sweet maize variety 20(DL20)and green fodder maize VS71. Spodoptera frugiperda was a migratory pest that harmed China and Vietnam. Main problems in maize production in Vietnam were:Single maize varieties,lack of highquality varieties,backward cultivation techniques seriously restricting the development of the maize industry in Vietnam.【Suggestion】Cooperation with agricultural research departments such as Vietnam Maize Research Institute and Vietnam National University of Agriculture should be strengthened. Demonstration and promotion of China’s fine maize varieties should be enhanced. Applicable maize varieties in Vietnam should be registered and demonstrated. Cooperation with enterprises to export suitable varieties to Vietnam and cooperation with ASEAN countries should be promoted.