从“首重舟师”到“裁船改员”——驻粤旗营水师与清代海防研究

From the "Military Elites" to "Disarmament and Layoff":A Research on the Eight Banners Navy in Guangdong Province and the Coast Defense of the Qing Dynasty

雍正以降东南沿海开始设置诸多旗营水师,驻粤旗营水师因广州为沿海要地“首重舟师”而设,海防实践以“操演”为主,在东南海防体系中发挥的作用有限,在近代海疆危机与海防变局的背景下,为近代新式海军所取代,以“裁船改员”的方式退出历史舞台。驻粤旗营水师从设立到裁改,体现了不同时期广州驻防八旗军事体制的演变过程,“旗营”的身份决定着其作为“水师”在海防中的实际价值。在落后的海防军事体制制约下,无论是传统水师还是新式海军,都未能真正肩负起守卫海疆的重任。

Since the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty,Eight Banners Navies(八旗水师)were established in southeasterm coast of China,among which the division of Guangdong was set up due to the geopolitical signifieance of coast defense of Guangzhou.However,is main military practice was paid on demonstration and performance.It failed to work effectively in the national coast defense system,especially in face of westem aggression on China's coast areas.Consequently,Eight Banners Navy was replaced by new-style navy,and it was dissolved and in the end.From the establishment to the abolishment of the Eight Banners Navy in Guangzhou,the evolution of the military system of Eight Banners Forces in different periods in Guangzhou can be relected.Yet the identity of Eight Banners,or the imperial force,defined its actual role in the coast defense system.Under the restriction of the backward system of late Qing Dynasty,neither the traditional navy nor the new-style navy assumed the important task for the national coast defense successfully.