“共同体”范畴视域下马克思对边沁功利主义的三重超越

Marx’s Triple Transcendence of Bentham Utilitarianism from the Perspective of “Community”

马克思和功利主义哲学家边沁都提出了有关“虚幻的共同体”的思想,这一思想在他们的哲学体系建构中都具有十分重要的作用。从共性上来说,二者都认识到了共同体的“虚幻性”以及利益与共同体之间的紧密联系。从差异上来说,马克思的共同体思想超越了边沁的共同体思想,马克思的科学世界观超越了边沁的功利主义,主要表现在:一是用现实的人取代了抽象的人;二是用人的全面发展代替了边沁单一的功利计算;三是用真正的共同体——自由人的联合体,代替了边沁的“虚构的共同体”——资产阶级理性王国。

Both Marx and Bentham,a utilitarian philosopher,put forward the idea of“illusory community”which plays a very important role in the construction of their philosophical system. In terms of commonness, both recognize the“illusion” of the community and the close relationship between interests and the community. In terms of differences, Marx’s community thought transcends Bentham’s community thought, and Marx’s scientific world outlook transcends Bentham’s utilitarianism, which is mainly reflected in:First, replacing abstract people with realistic people;Second, the all-round development of employment has replaced Bentham’s single utilitarian calculation;Third, replace Bentham’s “fictional community” - the kingdom of bourgeois rationality with a real community - the union of free people.