现代性进程中的神人之争——从福柯的反思回溯梅洛-庞蒂的立场

The Competition between God and Man in the Process of Modernity: Tracing Back from Foucault’s Reflection to Merleau-Ponty’s Position

当代哲学家福柯的现代性反思确认人是19世纪的一个发明,由此引发了人为什么在17、18世纪缺席的问题,这其实涉及神人之争。后期现代哲学家梅洛-庞蒂通过本己身体对人、通过野性存在对自然进行的描述表明,早期现代心性哲学对理想性/观念性的追求意味着神在神人之争中的主宰地位,后期现代心性哲学关于现实性与理想性、物质性与观念性相结合的要求代表了人在神人之争中的中心地位。以福柯哲学为代表的当代物性哲学不仅彻底抛弃了人的神性,而且完全放弃了人的心性。反思性的回溯表明,梅洛-庞蒂对早期现代哲学家笛卡尔和康德的解读很自然地引出了福柯式的问题及其答案。

As a contemporary philosopher, Michel Foucault’s reflections on modernity affirm that the man was an invention in the 19 th century. This leads to the question of why the man was absent in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, and actually involves a competition between God and man. Merleau-Ponty, a late modern philosopher, his descriptions of man in terms of one’s own body and that of nature in terms of savage Being make known that, the pursuit of ideality by early modern philosophy of spirituality means God’s dominant position in the competition between God and man, and the demand of unification of reality/materiality and ideality by late modern philosophy of spirituality implies man’s central position in this competition. Contemporary philosophy of materiality represented by Foucault’s philosophy abandons completely not only man’s divinity, but also his spirituality. A reflective review shows that Merleau-Ponty’s readings of two early modern philosophers, namely Descartes and Kant, naturally lead to Foucault’s questions and their answers.