老挝苗佬民族关系发展变迁探析

A Study on the Evolution of Miao-Lao Ethnic Relations in Laos

老挝是一个多民族国家,其苗佬民族关系错综复杂,问题突出。文章在田野调查和历史文献的基础上认为,老挝苗佬民族关系经历了从依生、竞生到共生的演化路径,最终形成了互惠共生的族群互动模式。在依生阶段,其主要矛盾是能量获取与民族生存之间的矛盾;在竞生阶段,其主要矛盾是资源稀缺与民族强弱之间的矛盾,民族冲突与斗争是这一阶段的主要特征;在共生阶段,形成了“主民”和“客民”的关系,其主要矛盾是民族发展不平衡的矛盾,关注的焦点是经济协作与文化共享。如今,老挝各民族从资源争夺的竞争思维转向了和合共生的发展思维。当前的民族关系研究应该抛弃“二元对立”的理论框架,借鉴中华民族的古老智慧,采用一种关注互惠与共生的思维,强化各民族政治互信、经济协作、文化共享以及各民族交往交流交融的研究。

Laos is a multi-ethnic country,in which Miao-Lao ethnic relations are complex and protruding.This paper,on the basis of field studies and historical documents,believes the ethnic relationship between the Lao and the Miao peoples in Laos has gone through an evolution path from interdependence to competition,and to coexistence,which finally resulted in an ethnic interaction model of reciprocal symbiosis.At the stage of interdependence,the main contradiction was between energy acquisition and ethnic survival;at the stage of competition,characterized by ethnic conflicts and struggle,the main contradiction was between resource scarcity and varied ethnic strength;and at the stage of coexistence,when a“master-guest”relationship took form,the main contradiction was the unbalanced ethnic development,and the focus was on economic cooperation and cultural sharing.Today,the people of all ethnic groups in Laos have shifted from the competitive mindset of fighting for resources to the development mindset of coexistence through cooperation.Therefore,the current study of ethnic relations should abandon the theoretical framework of“binary opposition”,but adopt instead,by drawing on ancient wisdoms of the Chinese nation,a development thinking focusing on reciprocity and symbiosis,and strengthen the research on political mutual trust,economic cooperation,cultural sharing,as well as exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups.