全球价值链分工下制造业投入服务化与高质量就业

The Servitization of Manufacturing Industry and High-Quality Employment under GVCs

基于全球价值链生产分割视角,利用WIOD数据库对不同来源的投入服务化进行测算,实证研究制造业投入服务化与制造业高质量就业之间的关系。研究发现:制造业投入服务化与就业之间存在“U”型关系;制造业投入服务化会降低高、中低技能就业规模以及降低低技能劳动力就业比重;而提高生产性服务进口来源能显著扩大就业规模并提升高技能就业比重,同时能推动加工企业、外资企业以及高科技企业的就业增长;进一步研究表明,制造业投入服务化降低就业规模的原因,包括减少全球价值链生产阶段步长、加速资本偏向型技术进步以及降低中间品进口三种机制,而生产性服务进口来源则通过这三种机制提升了就业总量。因此,政策上一是要增加国内生产性服务供给的种类与数量,提高内循环质量;二是降低服务贸易壁垒,提高生产性服务进口比例,利用外循环进口高端服务,提高高技能劳动力的匹配程度,实现制造业高质量就业。

Based on perspective of segmentation of GVCs,this paper uses WIOD to calculate servitization from different services-input sources,and empirically studies the relationship between manufacturing servitization and manufacturing employment.The results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between servitization and manufacturing employment.Before servitization gets inflection point,manufacturing employment is reduced,as well as employment of high,medium and low skilled labor and employment proportion of low-skilled labor.Increasing the import of service-oriented productive services can significantly expand the total scale of high,medium and low skilled employment and increase employment proportion of skilled labor.Increasing import of service-oriented productive services can promote employment in processing enterprises,foreign-funded enterprises and high-tech enterprises.Servitization reduces manufacturing employment by reducing its production lengths of GVCs,accelerating capital-biased technological progress and reducing intermediate goods imports,while the source of productive service imports does the completely opposite influencing effect.So first,is to improve diversification and quantity of domestic productive service supply,improve the quality of internal circulation;Second,reduce barriers to trade in services,increase proportion of productive service imports,promote the matching and employment of highly skilled labor by using high-end service elements of external circulation,and achieve high-quality employment of manufacturing.