从寺庙到乡约局:明清江南的思想教化

From Temple to Township Treaty Bureau:On the Ideological Education of Jiangnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期的乡约教化,是以帝王的“圣谕”为根本指导思想,结合地方传统与乡镇空间区划,自上而下建构起的比较严密的宣讲系统。在江南地区,社会力量比较强大,社会资源比较丰富,社会精英热衷教化,为乡约工作的推展及社会治理奠定了重要基础。从明代初期的社学系统到后期的城乡寺庙,都是乡约所建设的基本选择和乡约宣讲的中心场域。清代继承了明代的乡约教化基础,在社学体系废替后,也以寺庙为中心建构起比较清晰的乡约宣讲网络。清代后期,从州县城市到乡镇地方,建设乡约总局与分局的行动变得非常活跃,加大了思想教化和秩序整顿的力度,为维系地方社会与重建王朝统治发挥了重要作用。

The education of rural conventions in the Ming and Qing dynasties took the emperor’s“oracle”as the fundamental guiding ideology,combined with local traditions and township spatial zoning,and constructed a relatively strict propaganda system from top to bottom. In Jiangnan area,social forces are relatively strong,social resources are relatively rich,and social elites are keen on education,which has laid an important foundation for the promotion of rural treaty work and social governance. From the sociological system in the early Ming Dynasty to the urban and rural temples in the late Ming Dynasty,they are the basic choice of the construction of the rural treaty and the central field of the publicity of the rural treaty. The Qing Dynasty inherited the basis of rural treaty education in the Ming Dynasty. After the abolition of the sociological system,it also built a relatively clear rural treaty publicity network centered on temples. In the late Qing Dynasty,from County to township and local governments,the action of building the General Bureau and Sub Bureau of township conventions became very prominent,strengthened ideological education and order rectification,and played an important role in maintaining and rebuilding the rule of the dynasty for the local society.