激光金属3D打印技术的研究进展

Research progress in laser metal 3D printing technology

3D打印技术是一种根据计算机生成的数字化模型快速制造或修复零件的先进技术。该技术首先建立一个被分割成薄层的数字化三维模型,然后通过电脑控制打印喷头的运动轨迹,将材料逐层堆积,最终堆积成完整的零件。与传统的减材制造相比,该技术具有可个性化定制、节省材料、不需要模具、能制造复杂空腔结构的优点。随着该技术的发展,3D打印的成型工艺不断丰富,能够用于3D打印的材料也越来越多。根据激光金属3D打印工艺的不同,先后产生了多种打印技术,其中选择性激光烧结、选择性激光熔化、直接金属激光烧结和激光工程净成型等4种成型工艺最为典型。重点介绍了具有代表性的4种激光金属3D打印技术的工艺原理和特点,综述了近年来4种激光金属3D打印成型工艺的研究进展。

3D printing technology is an advanced technology for rapid manufacturing or repairing parts based on digital model generated by computer.Based on the digital three-dimensional model which is divided into thin layers,through the computer control of the processing sequence,the materials are stacked layer by layer,and finally prepared into three-dimensional objects.Compared to the traditional manufacturing methods,3D printing technology has many advantages,such as customization,material saving,no mold,and complex cavity structure,etc.With the development of this technology,3D printing technology and materials are becoming more and more abundant,among which laser metal 3D printing technology is one of its important branches.According to the different laser metal 3D printing processes,a variety of printing technologies have been produced successively,among which four kinds of forming processes,such as selective laser sintering,selective laser melting,direct metal laser sintering and laser engineering net forming,are the most typical.The principles and characteristics of the four most representative laser metal 3D printing forming processes are introduced in this paper,and the research progress of laser meta 3D printing forming processes applied in recent years is summarized.