连带债务涉他效力规则研究

Research on the rule of joint and several liabilities involving other validity

连带债务涉他效力是连带债务效力体系中不可或缺的重要组成部分,《中华人民共和国民法典》第520条首次对其进行了专门规定。与其他立法相比较,第520条的规定在立法理念、规范逻辑以及规则设计等方面均存在较大不足。为了更好地适用法律,在解释连带债务涉他事项的法律效力时,应该明确“有利于其他债务人”的理念并尊重当事人的意思自治,同时将相对效力作为兜底原则。在具体规则上,诉讼时效中断、诉讼时效完成、债务人迟延或瑕疵履行均应认定为相对效力事项;不以债务人个人关系为依据作出的确定判决只具有相对效力,如果有利于其他债务人则可能发生绝对效力;部分连带债务人对其他债务人的抗辩权和抵销权原则上不能援用。

The involved validity of joint and several liabilities is an indispensable part of the joint liability system.The Article 520 has made special provisions for the fi rst time.Compared with other legislations,the provisions of Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China have some defi ciencies in legislative concept,normative logic and rule design.In order to better apply the law,the concept of“benefi ting other debtors”should be clarifi ed and the autonomy of the parties should be respected,while the relative eff ectiveness should be taken as the bottom principle in the interpretation of the legal eff ect of joint and several liabilities related to other matters.In terms of specifi c rules,the interruption of limitation of action,the completion of limitation of action,the debtor’s delay or defective performance should be regarded as the relative eff ect matters;a defi nite judgment made not on the basis of the debtor’s personal relationship only has relative eff ect,but may have absolute eff ect if it is in favor of other debtors;in principle,the right of defense and set-off of some joint and several debtors against other debtors cannot be invoked.