未成年人财产保护信托:域外经验与中国实践

Juvenile Property Protection Trust:Extraterritorial Experience and Chinese Practice

现行监护制度下,未成年人财产管理和保护中存在监护人管理财产缺乏监督、监护人财产管理能力不足、未成年人挥霍无度等问题。信托制度凭借受托人专业性强、财产管理经验丰富、遵守信义义务和信托设计灵活等优势,成为与监护制度互为补充的财产管理制度形态,是未成年人财产保护的更优选择。国外未成年人财产保护信托的制度设计各有特色,值得借鉴,如英国公共受托人办公室、美国多元信托产品设计、新加坡特殊需求信托公司等。我国未成年人财产保护信托的设计和运用可分为三个层次:第一,多元信托产品本土化尝试。我国现行信托法架构下,禁止浪费信托无法发挥法律效果,裁量权信托和保护信托搭配使用可实现禁止浪费信托之效。第二,构建一套费用低廉、收益固定、服务质量高、跨部门综合治理的公共受托人机制。第三,建立完善的未成年人财产保护信托监察机制。

There are some problems in the property management of juveniles,such as insufficient property management ability of guardians,encroachment on juveniles’property rights,and inability to effectively inherit family property.The trust system relying on the trustee’s strong professionalism,rich property management experience,compliance with fiduciary obligations,and flexible trust design has become a form of property management system that complements the guardianship system,and a better choice for the protection of juveniles’property rights.Introducing property protection trust for juveniles in China could be divided into three parts:Firstly,the localization of foreign trust products.Under the current trust law system,spendthrift trust could not play a legal effect,and the combination of discretionary trust and protective trust could achieve the effect of spendthrift trust.Secondly,building a set of public trustee mechanism with low cost,fixed income,high service quality and cross department comprehensive governance.Thirdly,establishing a perfect trust and supervision mechanism for the protection of juveniles’property.