南禅寺大殿重建背景、材分营造制度分析及建筑像设空间布局研究

Historical Context of Reconstruction, Modular Design System, and Statue Arrangement of Nanchansi Main Hall

南禅寺大殿是我国现存最早的唐代木结构古建筑。文章梳理分析了唐建中三年南禅寺大殿建筑与像设重建的历史、政治、文化背景。笔者团队对南禅寺大殿建筑、像设进行了全面而精确的数字化测绘勘察。通过解读南禅寺大殿建筑的实测数据,发现了南禅寺大殿斗栱单材、足材材厚不同的做法,推断出南禅寺大殿的材分、营造尺以及建筑的营造模数和建造逻辑。本文同时对大殿建筑、像设的空间布局进行了测量分析,提出基于视线控制的唐代佛殿建筑像设布局之“高三距五猜想”。在对比南禅寺大殿和佛光寺东大殿后,本文最终对中晚唐时期佛殿建筑像设营造逻辑与南禅寺大殿的价值进行了总结。

The main hall of Nanchansi is the earliest extant wooden structure in China. This article analyzes the origin of the monastery’s name, given during the rebuilding in 782(Tang dynasty), and the historical,political, and cultural background of the statues installed inside the hall. Furthermore, through analysis of the data obtained through digital survey, the article identifies the dancai and zucai of dougong, and elaborates how the carpenters defined these standard units(material division;construction ruler, module, and logic). Then,the article presents a survey of the spatial layout of the hall and its statues, and suggests that the builders used the design pattern of “ three-times the height, five-times the distance”. Finally, through comparison with the second Buddhist monastery that has survived from the Tang dynasty on Mount Wutai(Foguangsi), the article concludes that the designs of the two monasteries’ main halls can be correlated with each other. This will not only help to demonstrate the significance of the main hall of Nanchansi but also of the statues in a mid-and late-Tang Buddhist monastery.