养心殿正殿旋子与和玺彩画年代及匠作特征试析

Dating the Xuanzi and Hexi Polychrome Painting at Yangxindian Main Hall

养心殿位于紫禁城内廷乾清宫西侧,肇建于明嘉靖十六年。养心殿正殿为该区域的核心建筑,其内外檐保留的彩画遗迹无论类型、等级还是绘制年代,均有所不同,极具特色。2016年“养心殿研究性保护项目”启动以来,对养心殿正殿建筑彩画进行了全面测绘。本文在勘察基础上通过研读文献、提取形制特征,并比对相关实例,对养心殿正殿在不同朝代、不同空间形态下,三个不同历史阶段即明代中晚期、清代早中期、清代晚期绘制的旋子与和玺彩画年代特征进行分析。同时根据彩画尺度与纹饰、色彩组合规律的不同特征,摸索和梳理出不同匠作流派下不同的工艺做法。

Yangxindian is located in the inner courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, west of the Palace of Heavenly Purity;it was built in 1537 during the reign of emperor Jiajing of Ming. The eaves of the main hall of Yangxindian are decorated with polychrome painting(caihua) of different type that denotes different ranks and was applied at different periods. In 2016, a comprehensive protection engineering program was started for Yangxindian;and based on the data obtained from the resulting field survey and textual research,this article suggests three dates for the decorative eaves painting, namely the mid-and late-Ming period, the early-and mid-Qing period, and the late-Qing period.The article also demonstrates that, in imperial China, the change of decorative painting style was closely linked to the importance and function of a building.