幸福在他处:退休流动者的深度休闲与心理幸福感

Better Well-being at Home away Home:Influences of Serious Leisure on Psychological Well-being of the Seasonal Retirement Migrants in China

流动性重塑了城市社会空间,也为休闲带来新的环境、知识和机会。旅游导向的退休流动构成“候鸟”休闲的基础,“候鸟”通过自主调节不同休闲活动在日常生活中的比例,构筑最佳休闲生活方式,持续探寻美好生活。文章聚焦退休流动、深度休闲和心理幸福感3个概念之间的关系,以海南省三亚市为案例地,解析“候鸟”的日常生活实践,借鉴Veal提出的休闲体验视角框架分析深度休闲活动的特殊状态,剖析深度休闲形塑心理幸福感的机制。研究发现,业余爱好、专门协会、兴趣社区和志愿服务4类活动构筑了最佳休闲生活方式的基础,这4类活动在核心休闲体验、个体特质和情境3个方面呈现出类型差异。不同活动中的技能、投入、贡献形成老年人生寻找自我实现、终极意义、深层满足的心理基础,从具身性、社会性、环境性、认知性4个层面产出心理幸福感的多重收益。“候鸟”对休闲活动、幸福感的需求是流动生活的重要特征,深度休闲中的具体实践、关系生产、社会建构进一步改变了流动社会的治理逻辑,对改进老龄社会的政策框架和服务支持具有实践价值。

Leisure activities play important roles in aging lives, which significantly impact the elders’ health, well-being and quality of life. In particular, serious leisure with characteristics of meaningful activities, maintaining good health habits, securing financial plans and living with an optimistic outlook are conceived to be conductive to well-being. However, current researches on serious leisure has concentrated on the types and behaviors of activities, while theoretical contributions to the intrinsic construct and mechanism between serious leisure and well-being are still rare. Furthermore, researches have employed concepts such as general satisfaction with life, quality of life and subjective well-being as tools in discussion, while psychological and eudaimonic concerns on the relationships, meanings and emotions related with serious leisure are not focused. Last but not least, limited research has focused on the extra-ordinary environment that leisure activities are undertaken, for example in tourism and holiday. In this context, the aims of the article are three-fold. One the first hand, it focuses on the activities, process and experience of the serious leisure of the seasonal retirement migrants, and enhances understanding of the experience and structure of psychological well-being for the elderly. On the second hand, it seeks to contribute to the theoretical intersections among lifestyle choice, serious leisure and well-being, and propose a theoretical framework of psychological well-being for the seasonal retirement migrants. A qualitative research methodology was adopted using in-depth and semistructured interviews, supplemented with participant observations in Sanya. The fieldwork was conducted over three years from 2014 to 2016. In total, 48 seasonal migrants were interviewed in the58-82 age range, spanning younger retirees in relatively good health to elderly retirees encountering physical vulnerability. The respondents in the sample had a diverse socio-demographic profile such as age, marital status, previous occupation and second-home ownership. The findings show that, serious leisure activities are composed of four types, including amateur activities, specialized associations,volunteering and hobby communities. Motivated initially by health and wellness pursuit, the elderly have gradually diverged in the commitment, involvement and seriousness in serious leisure, and generated multiple benefits in embodied, social, cognitive and environmental aspects. The intersections among multiple benefits are conductive to the general psychological well-being of the retirement migrants. Theoretically, a conceptual framework of psychological well-being for the seasonal retirement migrants in serious leisure is proposed to structure the experience of the participants.Practically, the research contributes to understanding of the increasingly mobile Chinese society.Serious leisure are regenerating‘weak-ties’ based on similar origin and hobbies, which act as important social networks in the destination. Thus, serious leisure plays a critical role in the individualsociety-nation relationships, which shed new light on society governance in mobile society.