“北黎冲突”前中法越南交涉与张之洞因应(1881-1884)——张之洞未刊书札研究

Sino⁃French Negotiations About Vietnam and Zhang Zhidong’s Coping Reactions Before“The Ambush”(1881⁃1884):A Study of Unpublished Letters of Zhang Zhidong

张之洞致张佩纶未刊书札,可从中探究张之洞在山西巡抚任上对中法越南交涉的因应。北圻问题发生初期,张之洞即从张佩纶处获取李鸿章的相关情报,并表达了相应意见。随着中法事态的变化,张之洞参与起复阎敬铭、李鸿章,颇有为中法越南交涉考虑的意味。至中法衅起,张之洞在山西巡抚任上广派委员,建立其作为地方大员独立的情报渠道。借助中法越南交涉的契机,张之洞主动谋求调离山西,朝廷终命其署理两广总督。张之洞在中法越南初期交涉中的地位虽不如东南督抚般重要,更无法与李鸿章、曾纪泽、赫德、总署各员相比,但其相关因应与人事关涉甲申朝局变迁,是窥测相关事态变动的主要人物之一。

Through the unpublished letters of Zhang Zhidong(张之洞)to Zhang Peilun(张佩纶),this paper makes an inquiry into Zhang Zhidong’s coping reactions to the Sino⁃French negotiations about Vietnam when he was governor of Shanxi Province.In the early days of the Tonkin(Bac Ky,or Northern Vietnam)Campaign(1883⁃1886),Zhang Zhidong had obtained Li Hongzhang’s relevant information from Zhang Peilun through his relationship of the Qingliu Dang(清流Purification Clique,group of conservative Chinese officials who advocated a return to traditional Confucian moral principles),and expressed his opinions therein.With the changing of the situation between the Qing and the French powers,Zhang Zhidong was involved in having Yan Jingming(阎敬铭)and Li Hongzhang(李鸿章)reassume office.A big factor in his account for so doing was for the Sino⁃French negotiations about Vietnam.From the beginning of the Sino⁃French conflict,in his capacity as the governor of Shanxi Province,Zhang Zhidong commissioned many lowly officials as his exclusive intelligent sources.Seizing the opportunity of Sino⁃French negotiations,Zhang Zhidong took the initiative to seek transfer from Shanxi,and was finally appointed as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.Although Zhang Zhidong’s position in the early Sino⁃French negotiations about Vietnam was not as important as that of the Southeast Military Governor,and he could not be compared with the general administrators,such as Li Hongzhang,Zeng Jize(曾纪泽),and He De(赫德),his coping reactions and his transfer in position or location of work were related to the changes of the Qing Government in 1884.He thus became one of the main figures from whom we could had a peek at the changes of related events.