作为阻挡者的国家——施米特对多元自由主义的批判

State as the Katechon——Carl Schmit’s Critique to the Theory of Plural-Liberalism

对施米特而言,国家是以划分敌友为标准之政治的统一体,是最权威的主权者。政治性国家划定疆界,为人之有意义的生活提供和平与秩序。自由主义使政治性国家转变为以经济—技术思维为依据的非政治化国家,多元主义挑战和颠覆了政治性国家的超拔地位和至高主权。在魏玛政治考察中,施米特重提具有决断意志、能够区分敌友的“质的整体国家”。政治神学视野中,施米特的国家作为阻挡者具有不可或缺性,阻挡着政治和国家之严肃性彻底消解,它是敌基督所致的此世混乱与基督再临带来的末世论瘫痪的阻挡者,更是以人的完善性为基础,试图以计划—技术为人提供永恒的安全和舒适的现今自由主义和多元主义的阻挡者。无论建设社会主义法治国家还是推进国际秩序革新,施米特的国家理论都能够为战略抉择提供衡量视角和有益资源。

For Schmidt,the state is the most authoritative sovereign and political unity that divides friends and foes.Political state delimits a boundary line and provides peace and order for a meaningful life. Liberalism makes the political state turn into the non-political state which is based on economic-technological thinking. Pluralism challenges and overthrows the political state’s transcendental status and supreme sovereignty. In scrutinization of Wiemar politics,Carl Schmitt proposes a "total state with regard to quality" which owns the will of decision and can make the distinction between friend and enemy. From the perspective of political theology,state is indispensable as the Katechon to Antichrist’s anomie in this world,preventing the complete dissolution of political and national seriousness. Furthermore,it is the Katechon for the chaos of this world caused by Antichrist and Pseudo Messiah’s eschaton. Finally,it is also Katechon to the present liberalism and pluralism,which is based on the perfectibility of human beings and tries to provide eternal security and comfort with plan-technology. Whether it is to build a socialist country under the rule of law or to promote the reform of international order,Schmitt’s state theory can provide a measuring perspective and useful resources for strategic choice.