康德道德哲学中上帝道德属性说与人的意志自由说的相容性

Compatibility Study of the Moral Constitution of Godand the Free Will of Human in Kant’s Moral Philosophy

在康德的道德哲学中,上帝被说成是神圣的立法者、仁慈的统治者和公正的审判者,具有神圣、仁慈和公正三重道德属性。表面看来,这种学说把道德法则的立法、执法和司法权都交给了上帝,与康德关于人的意志自由的学说会发生冲突,但是,这两种学说实际上并无冲突。因为通过区分上帝这个立法者与法则的原创者(人的立法理性),康德确保了人的意志的立法自由;通过指明人的“自力更新”是享受神的“恩典”的前提,康德确保了人的意志的执法自由,即德性的自由;通过把作为公正审判者的上帝还原为进行审判的良知,康德确保了人的意志的司法自由,即良知的独立审判。康德之所以在强调人的意志自由的道德哲学中同时肯定上帝具有三重道德属性,是因为在他看来这是人之本性的需要。归根到底,上帝的三重道德属性分别出于人的理性、偏好和良知三种本性。

In Kant’s moral philosophy, God is said to be a divine lawgiver, a benevolent ruler, and a just judge with the triple moral constitutions of holiness, benevolence, and justice. On the surface, this doctrine would seem to conflict with Kant’s doctrine of human free will by assigning to God the legislative authority, executive authority, and judicial authority of the moral law. However, there is actually no conflict between these two doctrines, for by distinguishing between God, the lawgiver, and the author of the law(lawgiving reason of human beings), Kant ensures the legislative freedom of the human will;by pointing out that man’s “self-renewal” is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of God’s “grace” ,Kant ensures the executive freedom of the human will, i.e., the freedom of virtue;and by reducing God as the just judge to the conscience that judges, Kant ensures the judicial freedom of the human will, i.e., the independent judgment of the conscience. In the final analysis, the triple moral constitutions of God are motivated by the three natures of human: reason, inclination, and conscience, respectively.