论IAEA在海洋放射性废物治理中的作用与局限——聚焦日本福岛核污水排海事件

The Functions and Limitation of the IAEA in the Governance of Ocean Radioactive Waste:Focus on the Discharge of NuclearContaminated Water from Fukushima,Japan

日本政府2021年4月单方面宣布将在两年内向太平洋排放福岛核污水,并企图借助国际原子能机构(IAEA)的背书为其单方决策提供正当性。IAEA在处置福岛的核污水事件中的角色,日益受到国际社会的关注。国际组织若无成员国的授权,其行为的合法性与正当性就会受到挑战。IAEA在全球放射性废物治理体制中虽具有独特地位但没有排他权,《国际原子能机构规约》及其他国际法文件并未赋予IAEA处置放射性废物的决策权,日本政府的举措陷IAEA于不义。对于福岛核污水,国际社会只有在既有基础上充分开展国际合作,协调职能,提升治理效率,才能有效应对。

In April 2021, the Japanese government unilaterally announced that it would discharge nuclearcontaminated water from Fukushima into the Pacific Ocean within two years. Moreover, it attempted to use the endorsement of the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) to justify its unilateral decision. The IAEA’s role in the disposal of contaminated water in Fukushima has received increasing international attention. Without the authorization of member states, the legality and legitimacy of international organizations’ actions will be challenged. Although the IAEA has a unique position in the global radioactive waste management system, it does not have exclusive power. The IAEA Statute and other international legal documents do not give the IAEA the decision-making power to dispose of radioactive waste. The actions of the Japanese government have brought the IAEA into disrepute. Regarding the nuclear-contaminated water from Fukushima, the international community can effectively deal with it only by thoroughly carrying out international cooperation, coordinating functions, and improving governance efficiency on the existing basis.