中国城镇建筑遗产多尺度保护的几个科学问题

ON PROFESSIONAL PROBLEMS OF MULTI-SCALE PROTECTION OF URBAN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN CHINA

城镇建筑遗产由历史城镇、历史城区、历史街区、历史建筑和更加广义的具有适应性再利用价值的既有建筑等共同构成,通常具有多尺度连续、本体复杂广泛和环境多样的特性。揭示城镇建筑遗产多尺度保护的关键科学问题及内在机理,建构整体保护理论和方法,是世界各国共同面临的挑战和科学难题。论文从对共性科学问题的分析出发,系统探讨了城镇建筑遗产多尺度保护的基本学理、科学保护和精细保护、尺度效应、城市建筑形态成长的普适性、想象力与科技进步结合的可能性、城市设计和数据库成果呈现等问题,提出了相关创新见解,并以笔者团队完成的几个遗产保护案例进行了验证。本文认为,需要客观对待新陈代谢、有序演进的真实而鲜活的社会和城市场景;城市并非凝冻在某一历史阶段和高光时刻的艺术品,而是一个博物馆;多尺度保护的实践工作和运维管理,除了建筑遗产保护学的基本学理和方法,还可借助数字化城市设计及具有开放交互属性的数据库成果。如此,就有可能将中国历史城市-历史街区-历史建筑的保护事业推进到一个新的高度,并走向一个同时依托城市健康发展引导、历史文化信息精准传递、跨学科科技支撑的城镇建筑遗产多尺度保护的新时代。

Urban architectural heritage is composed of historical towns, historic districts, historic blocks, historic buildings, and existing buildings with adaptive reuse value in a broader sense. It usually has the characteristics of multiscale continuity, complex and extensive ontology, and diverse environments. It is a common challenge and professional problem for all countries in the world to reveal the key scientific problems and internal mechanism of multi-scale protection of urban architectural heritage and to develop the overall protection theory and method. Based on the analysis of common scientific problems, this paper systematically discusses the basic principles of multi-scale protection of urban architectural heritage, scientific protection, and fine protection, scale effect, universality of urban architectural form growth, the possibility of combining imagination with scientific and technological progress, urban design, database presentation, etc. Relevant innovative ideas are proposed and verified by several heritage protection cases actually completed by the author’s team. The author argues that it is necessary to look objectively at real and live social and urban scenes that metabolize and evolve in an orderly fashion. Cities and towns are not works of art frozen in a single historical period and moment of highlight, but are like museums. In addition to the basic principles and methods of architectural heritage protection, the practical work and operation and maintenance management of multi-scale conservation can also make use of digital urban design and open interactive database results. In this way, it is possible to push the protection of Chinese historic cities, historic blocks, and historic buildings to a new height, and move towards a new era of multi-scale protection of urban architectural heritage relying on the guidance of healthy urban development, accurate transmission of historical and cultural information, and support of interdisciplinary science and technology.